Imagination Is More Important Than Knowledge Essay

â€Å"Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited to all we now know and understand, while imagination embraces the entire world, and all there ever will be to know and understand.† (Albert Einstein) Do you agree? Imagination and Knowledge are two unusual concepts to compare, as they both define and represent not just different things, but contrasting ideals. Knowledge, as the name suggests, is the definitive act of knowing something through familiarisation with facts, information, descriptions or skills acquired through experience or education. Knowledge is universally regarded as truth as it has been tried and tested, anything recognised as knowledge has rigored through a variety of scientific, intellectual and practical tests to ensure its title as something generally known, is in fact a truth. Imagination, somewhat like knowledge is an abstract concept to define, it is personal and subjective. Imagination by technical definition is the mind’s ability to create images, sounds, feelings or sensations without the use of any of the five conscious senses, hearing, seeing, feeling, smelling or tasting. The mind may use aspects of sensual memory but ultimately creates these experiences alo ne, hence imagines them as they are unreal. However, by what definition makes them unreal? Surely if we see something it is true, because we know we’ve seen it and ‘seeing is believing,’ how do we separate imagination from knowledge if both is gained through sensual experience? Imagination could be considered a complex combination of free associations, which are abrupt feelings or emotions which require no previous knowledge. The separation of knowledge and imagination lies in the necessity for something be believe we know to be tested and tried. Knowledge is never static, something we discover and perceive as knowledge is never indefinite, it changes over time and must be tested accordingly on a repeated basis. Until the 18th century it was considered true knowledge that the earth was a flat surface, this knowledge was questioned by scientists with conflicting theories and proved to be wrong, we now know the earth is round. Does this means the earth being flat was never knowledge since proved untrue? How can something be considered knowledge if there is no evidence to support the theory? Furthermore, how can evidence be found for something that is untrue in order for it to earn the title of ‘knowledge’, surely it remains a  theory, which stems from imagination. For centuries people were believing a theory based on imagination. Thus, doesn’t this prove imagination is far more powerful than knowledge? Contrary to knowledge, imagination doesn’t only lead to belief, it doesn’t require proving. The fact that knowledge isn’t believed until proved, surely constitutes a weakness, proving Einstein’s belief that imagination is more important than knowledge. His explanation rests on the basis that our knowledge is currently limited and imagination is not; we know that we will know more than we know today, tomorrow. Einstein rightly, in my opinion, claims that since knowledge is constricted merely to theories and ideas proven at present it is inferior to imagining what we may be able to prove in the future. Often, knowledge is disregarded when new information is learnt which discredits the previous findings. Negatively criticised, this knowledge is no longer considered so; perhaps blamed on ignorance, unintelligence or lack of experimentation. In these cases, how can this knowledge have ever been considered so when later proved false? Knowledge is defined as so merely for a point in time, whereas imagination is indefinite and always truth since it cannot be disproven or disputed. It is subjective, much like Art its subjection is its greatest strongpoint and allows it to constantly be correct. Imagination triumphs also for the mere fact we imagine what we are later to know through what we desire to know. Imagination is dependent upon perception, emotion and language and they all interact and thus, enrich our imagination.nMoreover, not necessarily all people have imagination. For instance, scientists undervalue it, and instead emphasise on their ability to explore new facts, given pre-existing ones. Hence, the relevance of being imaginative is negligible seen through a scientific perspective. In comparison, all arts wouldn’t survive without imagination. This makes the role of being imaginative too subjective. In this respect, imagination can be treated as a form of a well-developed associative memory, which doesn’t occur in all people. With all these factors taken into account, I fully agree with Albert Einstein. Ironically so considering his position as a scientist and loyal physicist, Einstein was able to recognise the importance of imagination when finding knowledge to prove. I concur with him on the understanding that knowledge is temporary until factually disputed whilst imagination cannot be, and therefore overcomes the importance of knowledge. One which cannot be  fought, doesn’t have to fight and therefore always comes out on top.

Biography of Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay

Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem. Massachusetts. on July 4. 1804. His parents were Nathaniel Hawthorne. and Elizabeth Clark Manning. His male parent dies of xanthous febrility when he was four old ages old. He so grew up in the manning family with his grandparents. uncles. and aunts. Nathaniel Hawthorne was fond of taking long walks by himself and reading overly. He studied Shakespeare. Pope. Milton. and Thompson. He went on escapades while he took these long walks and he wrote about his escapades. this is how his authorship accomplishments developed. When Nathaniel Hawthorne turned 15 he moved to Maine with his uncle and subsequently attended Bowdoin College in Brunswick. While in college he did ill in most categories accept his literary categories. in which he excelled. He graduated 3 old ages subsequently. While in college He became friends with Henry W. Longfellow. Franklin Pierce. and Henry D. Thoreau. After college he returned to Salem. Massachusetts and resided in the man ning family. He so withdrew from society. H followed the same agenda everyday. He studied in the forenoon. took long walks in the afternoon. and so wrote in the eventide. In 1828 he published his first book anonymously. Fanshawe. He subsequently so destruct all transcripts and was non proud of it. His first publication that was a success was â€Å"The Token† . and â€Å"Peter Parley† . In 1830 he served as an editor for a figure of publications. He besides began to compose children’s books. He so took a occupation in a usage house. In 1840 he left his occupation knowing that he would shortly be fired due to the result of the election traveling on during that clip. He married Sophia Amelia Peabody. In 1844 he had his first girl. He so returned to Salem due to fiscal force per unit areas. â€Å"Him losing his occupation turned out to be a approval as he had the clip to compose some of his best works† . Such as The Scarlet Letter. The House of Seven Gables. and The Birthdale Romance. In 1860. he published The Marble Faun. our old place. and subsequently went on a circuit with Franklin Pierce because Pierce was running for president. Nathaniel Hawthorne lived in an of import clip period. In 1820-1830. Nathaniel Hawthorne was about 16-26 old ages old. During that clip the Erie canal made new York the imperium province. besides during that clip period Andrew Jackson’s inaugural party wrecked the white house. In 1830-1840 when Nathaniel Hawthorne was about 26-36 old ages old. During that clip Andrew Jackson beat up the adult male who tried to kill him. besides during that clip Charles Darwin visits the Galapagos Island. and the thought of natural choice and endurance of the fittest is introduced to the universe. During 1840-1850. Nathaniel Hawthorne was 36-46 old ages old. The gold febrility struck California and people were avaricious and ambitious. Besides during that clip in 1852 Franklin Pierce was elected president. Nathaniel Hawthorne helped Pierce with the runs for the election. During 1850-1870 Nathaniel Hawthorne was 46 and he died and in 1864 he died. During that clip compromises over slavery delayed the civil war. and so subsequently the United States was torn over the civil war. Nathaniel Hawthorne accomplished a battalion of things during his life-time and at a immature age every bit good. but in his early old ages when he was four his male parent died. Nathaniel Hawthorne was the lone male child but had two other sisters. His early old ages were spent in Salem. Massachusetts. When he graduated from Bowdoin college he went on summer Tourss through the nor'-east. He in 1839 he took a occupation in a usage house in Boston. and served as an editor for a figure of publications. He besides started out his composing calling. composing children’s books. However in 1840. he resigned cognizing he would be fired. In 1842 he married Sophia Amelia Peabody. and in 1844 his first girl was born. A few old ages subsequently. fiscal force per unit areas forced him to return to Salem with his household. He so became a surveyor of the port of Salem. In the early 1850’s he lived in ruddy house in Lennox and made a friendly relationship with Novelist. Herman Melville. In 1853-1858 Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote a run life for Franklin Pierce. he was subsequently rewarded with united provinces consulship at Liverpool. Since the civil war was traveling on during that clip he wrote articled about the civil war and his last old ages he joined an experimental creek farm community filled with transcendentalist. He so went to Europe and spent seven old ages at that place before he died of a encephalon tumour in his slumber. Nathaniel Hawthorne is a alone author and had a alone authorship manner heoften wrote about the day-to-day life and community and puritan devastation. Although he was a Puritan he was non the typical Puritan author and wrote from a different position about the puritan life. His most The novel The Scarlet Letter is possibly one of the most widely-read and most representative of many of the subjects in the plants of N athaniel Hawthorne. Aside from the fact that it is set during the Puritan period in American history. it deals with many topics other plants. most notably his celebrated short narrative The Minister’s Black Veil. approach—the subject of wickedness. particularly secret wickedness. Hawthorne was fascinated with the thought of wickedness and penalty and this subject is expressed overtly in The Scarlet Letter by the erosion of the embroidered missive itself and covertly through many of the minor characters such as Roger Chillingworth are literally eaten away by wickedness. Like Esther’s lover the sermonizer in The Scarlet Letter who is troubled by secret wickedness. so excessively is the curate in the short narrative by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The Minister’s Black Veil. Aside from utilizing the allegory signifier to state moral narratives. it is of import to observe that the plants of Nathaniel Hawthorne are non at wholly simple mortality narratives with a spiritual intent. Hawthorne was composing during the Romanticism motion and he besides seeks to research subjects of nature and world every bit good as to force the bounds of human imaginativeness and creativeness. One grade of this manner is the usage of the occult. which surely occurs in about every narrative by Nathaniel Hawthorne. although to different extents. Novels such as. The House of the Seven Gables. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s part to American literature can be taken literally or merely his debut of a new authorship manner and a different position on Puritan ways. In 1824 he published Fanshawe anonymously. and leter that twelvemonth he published â€Å"the token† and Peter parley. In 1832 he published immature Goodman brown† Roger malvin’s burial† and â€Å"My Kinsman major malineux†Ã¢â‚¬ a women’s narrative â€Å" The hollow of the three hills† . In 1835 he published â€Å"anthencieum† . In 1837 he published. â€Å"twice told tales† American Magazine of utile and entertaining cognition. In 1841 he published â€Å"grandfathers chains†* and the following twelvemonth he published†democratic review† and his most celebrated work was published in 1845 & lt ; †scarlet letter’ . In 1846 he worked on â€Å"African journals† â€Å"a wonderbook for male childs and misss in 1851 and the house of seven gables† in 1851 and in 1852 he published the â€Å"blithdale romance† in 1855 he published tangled for misss and boys† His last plants are in 1860 â€Å"the marble faun† and our old home†1863. He is known for being the first amercian writer to use a rtistic judgement to puritan society.

Responce ta a reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Responce ta a reading - Essay Example Thus, when credit card companies use this perception to get to the college students, it clicks with them. They relate to the advertisement and see themselves in those advertisements. This perception is quite difficult to break since college students are more affected by peer pressure than by parents who do not control their lives any more. If the perception of fun and toys has to be broken, it should be through the help of peers. Seniors could serve as role models for these students when they explain to the freshmen students about the problems that they may have to face with plastic money. The impact of parents would be highest when the children have not yet left for college. Manning has presented great tips for financial advice that parents can give to their children. The idea of earning money or toys is quite effective, even though it would take time given the fact that peer pressure is highest when it comes to owning things. Overall, a collaborative approach is required. Good parenting along with peer education is important to overcome the strong effect of advertisements promoting plastic toys and financial

A Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) Research Paper

A Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) - Research Paper Example Different kinds of people study a language other than their own for different purposes. Some study to satisfy their need for knowledge. Others just want to be able to converse when traveling, studying or living in another country. Still there are others, like in South Korea, where learning another language, specifically English, is a means to have a job or get into a top university. â€Å"All one has to do is just take a walk in any bookstore and see just how big learning English is†¦. with the profusion of English language books, tapes, and test study guides  (Miller, J., 2006).† The acquisition of a new language, especially English, has led into a thriving business. Individuals and companies have come up and are continuously developing new educational materials to help people have better communication skills. As a result of the increasing demand, the techniques and modes have evolved from simple books and listening tapes to CDs/DVDs, computer software and websites on the Internet. Computer Assisted Language Learning or CALL has become a common method of acquiring another language. â€Å"The history of CALL suggests that the computer can serve a variety of uses for language teaching (Warschauer, M., 1996).† Not only do they enhance the users’ listening, speaking, writing and reading skills, but CALL programs also provide a variety of interesting materials and ways of learning. Since its advent, CALL programs have been used by schools, businesses, governments and individuals for different purposes. For those studying the English language, one use of CALL, for example, is as a medium in preparing students for English proficiency exams like IELTS. The Tell Me More English program is one of the many tools in the market that uses computer-based technology as a means of teaching the English language. The software was created by awarded CALL software developer Auralog and has been released in three versions since its introduction in the ma rket. Among its various functions, educational facilities utilize the Tell Me More English program to aid students entering college get a high score on English proficiency examinations such as that of the International English Language Testing System, better known as IELTS. Literature Review â€Å"The Tell Me More English program is the only English software that truly covers all of the skills used in learning English: not only reading, writing, listening, and speaking, but also grammar, vocabulary and culture (TellMeMore, nd.).† For learners of the English language, excelling in these skills is the key to becoming good speakers. It has been argued that although computers can be a tool in language learning, there are still questionable aspects of language acquisition through CALL programs that need to be addressed. Furthermore, it is yet to be realized how CALL materials can effectively impart learning of each basic communication skill. â€Å"Computer assisted language learn ing has developed over the last 30 years (Warschauer, M., 1996)†. CALL has three stages: behavioristic, communicative and integrative. The first stage, implemented in the 1960s-70s, was practicing by drills. The next stage, communicative, focused more on how the students interacted with each other while working on the computer rather than developing a more in-depth role for computers in the field of language learning. (Warschauer, M., 1996) Criticisms that surfaced from this aspect of communicative CALL gave rise to the third stage, integrative CALL. With integrative CALL, â€Å"students are challenged to construct their own knowledge with guidance from a teacher (Nerbonne, J., et.al., n.d.).† Although CALL has grown to be a popular medium for education, there are still

American and Japanese Motorcycles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American and Japanese Motorcycles - Essay Example This proved to be a fatal mistake. With the introduction of Honda CD450 they came into the limelight. This bike was great looking, affordable and could outrun any stocky Harley-Davidson with double the engine size time and time again without breaking down like the Harley tended to do. When Honda came up with its new four cylinders CB750, there was no doubt Japanese motorcycles were here to stay. This bike was incomparable to any other in the world being faster, reliable and affordable as well. In the early 1980, the major four Japanese motorcycle manufacturers produced what were known as UJM’s or Universal Japanese Motorcycles. These machines underlined the complete usefulness and utilitarianism of large displacement bikes like Kawasaki Z-1, Honda’s CB 750, Yamaha’s XS 1100 and Suzuki’s GS 1000 and were meant to complete the broad spectrum of two wheeled transportation roles. The Suzuki Katana was the first Japanese motorcycle to come on road with looks that killed. Some consider the Katana as a stroke of High-Tech brilliance while traditionalist dismissed it as a styling fluke that would quickly be forgotten as had Harley Davidson’s slow selling XLCR cafà © racer. Most Japanese manufacturers Suzuki included were satisfied in making Non-Harley looking motorcycles. Yamaha’s Virago and Honda’s Shadow were the first cruisers to offer proprietary motors. But Yamaha took a gamble by offering a sporty standard powered by the same 920cc V-Twin motor found in the Virago. Like most sport bikes of the day Kawasaki GPZ was still quite a different machine when compared to the racing bikes in the world racing circuits. Despite its top end performance, most riders purchased a GPZ or Honda interceptor for its racy looks. Yamaha’s FJ is another high performance Japanese bike with advanced technology, but was compromised by its design, which was made more for comfort. Yamaha’s FZ 750 was another step towards what the GSX-R would eventually deliver.

Summary of Images of Women in Early Buddhism and Christian Gnosticism Essay

Summary of Images of Women in Early Buddhism and Christian Gnosticism - Essay Example 95 problem The main problem addressed by the paper is: the paper seeks to obtain reasons why these negative attitudes towards women exist while it is known that they take an active role in their religious lives. This paragraph is important since it tries to show that women also take an active role in religious activities regardless of the perceptions held by men about them. Research question Why should these negative attitudes towards women persist when we know that women actively supported and participated in the religious life of both Buddhist and Gnostic communities? This is essential since it shows that the author has a point to advance to the readers as well as to get the answers why women are treated that way. Paragraph 3, p. 95 Both scriptures show that women are capable of seducing men to engage in sexual intercourse. This paragraph seeks to support the argument raised by the author that women are evil people. Paragraph 1, p.96 thesis -Both religions assume the wrong doing of women disrupted an otherwise perfect world. This thesis statement seeks to show that the author is of the view that women are responsible for human kind’s disgrace on earth. Paragraph 2, p.96 claims -The Buddhist myth posits to the effect that men’s disgrace came after he tasted food from the earth -this mainly contributed to the fall of humanity. This paragraph is very important since it highlights the source of sin among human kind. Paragraph 3, p. 96 evidence -The Christians on the other hand also attribute this myth of women’s evilness to the issue of Adam and Eve who tasted the forbidden fruit in Eden which led to sexual intercourse. -this paragraph is also important since it tries to show the evidence to prove that women were the causes of sin on earth Paragraph 1, p. 97 (Note- starts with this sentence: Other tractates, The Book of Thomas .... Eating the forbidden fruit led to the fall of humankind as shown by the actions of Eve. This section also seeks to advance the author’s argument with regards to perceptions held by men about women. Paragraph 2, p.97 evidence continues Both religions attribute the fallout of men to the deliberate act of consuming the earthly fruits that were not allowed by God. This led to sexual desire which could be satisfied through sexual intercourse. This paragraph again supports the thesis of the paper. Paragraph 3, p. 97 The Buddhists view the body of a woman as a symbol for desire and the Christian writings which also have same views for women. This paragraph is meant to support the view being presented by the author. Paragraph 1, p. 98 (note, it begins with this sentence ‘These intemperate attacks on the impurity of women's bodies and sexual...’ Womanisers are just like dogs. This paragraph is important since it helps to show that women play a major role in seducing men. Paragraph 2 p.98 Sexual intercourse is related to child bearing it is viewed as an impediment to full participat ion in religious lives. Men are encouraged to live solitary lives as an example shown by Buddha himself. This paragraph supports the thesis. Paragraph 3 p. 98 claims Christian doctrine also has negative attitude towards sexual intercourse and child bearing. These are related to suffering and Jesus even pointed out that people should destroy the works of femaleness. -both religions share the same view against sexual intercourse which leads to child birth. This is very important in the paper since the author tries to elaborate the

Comparative Econ--Brazil and Japan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Comparative Econ--Brazil and Japan - Assignment Example Since the two countries are nearly the same with strong economies (stable economies), it is therefore important to analyze the main distinguishing aspects of the two leading global economies. This paper will provide in depth comparative analysis of the two countries since the rise of Keynesian theory to the current economic and political standing of the two countries. Japan classifies among the world’s most stable economies. Japan is known for its rich history of producing high quality automobiles and electronic goods. Electronic products manufactured is Japan have positive reputation in the global market and make significant sales. In addition, vehicles produced by the Japanese automakers enjoy high recognition in the world market due to the low pricing, low consumption of fuel, easily accessed spare parts and general high quality of the cars. Brazil on the other hand ranks among the countries whose economy is growing at a remarkable. Essentially, Brazil is a member of the co llective developing countries classified under the BRICS acronym. Brazil’s economy has a rich history of expansive agricultural activities that mainly involve large-scale plantation of coffee for commercial purposes. Brazil is in effect the world’s leading producer and exporter of coffee. ... Japanese Political Environment before 2001 Between 1912 and 191, the political elite in Japan underwent through the period of Taisho occasioned with the monarchial rule under the perceived weak Prince Yoshihito. The political system of Japan in from 1912 to 1918 was under the rule of self-proclaimed leaders known as the genro. In between 1912 and 1918, Japan’s political system faced military threat intended to the influence the cabinet. With the progress of war in Europe, Japanese political system used the situation to extend its influence of boundary expansion into China. Between 1919 and 1926, the Japanese political system transformed to involve two party systems that encompassed the conservative party named Rikken Doshikai and the Pro democracy party named Seiyokai. The two parties worked in collaboration towards strengthening of Taisho democracy that nurtured the voting right of the citizens. Assassination assumed part of the Japanese politics with eventual murder of the f irst interparty Prime Minister Takashi Hara in 1921. Japanese political elite structured laws to bar formation and development of the Communist Party in 1923. The political elite feared that development of the Communist Party would result to the communism in the economy of the country. The period between 1927 and 1929 marked the beginning of the Showa period following the rise of Emperor Hirohito to power. Showa period also witnessed the beginning of a fading a fading democracy with two coalition parties practicing alternation in power. Japanese political system also faced shaky moments between 1930 and 1939 evidenced by increased military led killings and explosion. The national army also did assassinate Prime Minister Inukai with

Titled Modern Portfolio Theory or Investment Management Essay

Titled Modern Portfolio Theory or Investment Management - Essay Example Thus, a portfolio may be defined as a combination of securities with varying risk and return characteristics which in turn contribute to the net worth of the investor. (Swisher, 2005) The topic of discussion in this paper is Modern Portfolio Theory or Investment Theory, which may be defined as the concepts that revolve around educating an investor regarding the steps that must be taken in order to develop a portfolio that will speak of rational choices and optimisation of financial resources. Before going any further, it is imperative to point out that investement brings a certain degree of speculation, especially in today's economic scenario where there has been a boom in the information transmission trends due to an increase in the number of people from various quarters flocking towards investing in portfolios. This paper will endeavor to study modern portfolio theory (MPT), in terms of its various elements like Markowitz diversification, the efficient frontier as well as concepts like the Capital Asset Pricing Model, better known as CAPM. The tools used in the course of application of these concepts include the Capital Market Line and the Security Market Line apart from alpha and beta coefficients which help measure mean, variance, risk and returns of the portfolio as a whole. To begin with, the paper will introduce the Modern Portfolio Theory as propounded by Harry Markowitz in the early 1950s, before moving on towards defining the elements like beta, risk and return that are concerned with the various concepts of Modern Portfolio like diversification and Capital Asset Pricing Model or CAPM. (Swisher, 2005) The intorduction of the key elements before discussing and analysing the actual concepts has been carried out so as to ensure that there is full understanding of the tools that will be used in the study of the Modern Portfolio Theory. The paper will progress through a series of headings that are relevant to introduce new topics. These topics are linked with each other through the tools like beta, risk, return, mean and variance, among others. There will illustrations in terms of formulae and diagrams for all sections of the paper. Markowitz and Modern Portfolio Theory Modern Portfolio Theory has come up a practical model for the measurement of the various trends affecting the portfolio market. As a body of concepts and tools, it is concerned with the identification of markets that have high return potential and those which have a heavy risk factor, so as to help the investor choose more wisely. At the same time, the modern portfolio theory also brings us face to face with the fact that it is equally concerned with varying combinations of assets to zero in on the favourable markets and customers. (Markowitz, 1952) Born in the year 1952, the modern portfolio theory was the brainchild of Harry Markowitz who recognised the need for a certain set of parameters within which the obvious diversification trends may be

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Psychology - Essay Example behaviours in three general ways as follows (Social Psychology, 2005): Primarily, it perceives the thoughts, feelings and behaviours of people that are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of others, which includes social perception, social interaction and many other types of influencing factors like trust and persuasion. Second, social psychology attempts to understand the influence that individual perceptions and behaviours have on a group. It involves viewing aspects like group productivity and group decision making. Third, it tries to understand groups as behavioural entities, along with the relationships and influences that one group may have on another. In relevance to the preceding paragraphs, the understanding of the following sociological social psychological processes is essential in order to realize the value of attitudes and behaviours in group settings (Social Psychology, 2005): 1. Group Cohesion and Conformity; 2) Consensus, Groups Structure, Work Performance and Decision Making; 3) Collective Behaviour Social Movements and Aggregate Behaviour; 4) Intergroup Behaviour; 5) Social Structure, Population Density and Personality; 6) Dissent, Deviance and Reactions to Deviance, and 7) Intergroup Conflict. This social psychological process tackles the degree of change that members in the group will undergo regarding behaviours, views and attitudes in order to fit in with the view of the group. The group can influence its members by the exertion of overt social pressure on individuals and this is usually done through the three subtypes of conformity which are: a) compliance – where the member conforms only in public but asserts one own views in private; b) identification – conformity is done publicly and privately while the individual is a member of the group, but not after leaving the group; c) internalization – conforming to the groups view publicly and privately during and after group membership. Moreover, when a group of

Analysis the case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis the case - Assignment Example The costs of changing the mentioned methods are cheap. Therefore, companies continually strive to implement new strategies to improve the quality and affordability their products in order to attract and maintain customers. Consequently, the competition is very high in the industry. New entrants – the entrance rate of new players in the industry is low due to the following facts: the existing companies have established, the capital requirement is very high, the cost of setting up an efficient distribution chain is high, the cost of promotion is high, and the high cost of building a solid relationship with the suppliers. As a result, the mentioned high prices scare away the potential entrants. Substitute products – the technological advancements provide a platform for the development of substitute products that pose threats to the movie rental industry. There are several alternatives to movies-renting such as viewing of movies in theaters, watching movies on the television, internet based movie watching and others. Therefore, companies in the industry must carefully implement competitive pricing strategies in order to counter the threat. Bargaining power of suppliers - the movie suppliers are many in the industry making the supply level of the movies high. Though suppliers have control of the quality of the products, their influence in the market concerning product prices is medium (supply is high). Bargaining power of customers – the high sensitive nature of the customers to the product prices increases their influence to the products prices. In addition, since there are more efficient methods of viewing movies (substitute products), and that the switching cost is insignificant, price variations cause a massive customer migration. For instance, after Netflix separated the unlimited DVD and unlimited streaming, which saw the prices rise from $ 9.99 to $ 15.98 per month. Consequently, around 600,000 customers revoked their subscriptions. That indicates

Value of Homework Essay Example for Free

Value of Homework Essay Homework can be defined in simple words as â€Å"any task assigned to students by school teachers that are meant to be carried out during non school hours (cooper 1989).†Students are expected to complete their homework time. Completing homework properly helps students with understand their class work, quizzes, tests, and exams. Most parents think their children are getting less homework. Students who are from low income homes should review over their homework. There is a specific time students for each grade should be spending on their homework. All parents want their children to do well in school. Most parents want to know what their children are learning in school and how they’re doing. Parents usually ask their children if they have homework and how much. These days’ parents say that their children are getting less homework, no matter how much their children get. They just want to see their children studying all day. Sometimes children do get less homework but that doesn’t mean they should review over the work. Parents usually tell them that they should review over their work if they finish early. For parents homework is as easy as going down a slide, but for some students, homework is like fishing because it is boring. Students who are from low income homes might not have all the resources that students form high income homes might have, but they should still review over their homework. The more they review the better they will do in school. Students from low income homes should go for extra help if they don’t understand something. Some students might have well educated parents who can help them but if they don’t they should go for extra help. For some low income home students, homework is as hard as a rock because it is hard, and for most high income home students, homework sometimes has easy killing questions. There is a specific time students from each grade should be spending on their homework. Homework is work at home, work at home is homework. Students from high school should spend at least 1  ½ to 2  ½ hours per night on their homework. Middle school students should spend at least less than 1 hour per night, but if students spend more time on their homework than this, they will probably do better, and everything will seem easier for them to understand. As it was mentioned before, homework is very important to get good grades on tests, quizzes, exams, etc. For some students homework is very hard, for some students homework is very easy, and for some students homework is just fine. But students should always keep in mind that homework is the key to get good marks in classes.

Measuring Processes of Pipelining

Measuring Processes of Pipelining Sakshi Dua Abstract Discuss the method to measure the performance of pipelining. Give a space-time diagram for visualizing the pipeline behavior for a four-stage pipeline. Also discuss some way to control a pipeline for collision free operations. Introduction Pipelining: A pipelining is a series of stages ,where some work is done at each stage .The work is not finished until it has passed through all stages.It is a technique used in advanced microprocessors where the microprocessor begin executing a second instruction before the first has been completed Three performance measures pipeline are provided:- Speed-up S(n) Throughput U(n) Efficiency E(n) . Speedup S(n):- Consider the execution of m tasks (instructions) using n-stages (units) pipeline. n+m-1 time units are required to complete m tasks. it is assumed that the unit time T = t units. Speed-up S(n) = Time using sequential processing - Time using pipeline processing = m * n * t (n + m 1)* t = m * n n + m -1 Lim S(n) = n m→∞ i.e. n fold increase in speed is theoretically possible. Throughtput T(n):- Throughtput U(n)= # of task executed per unit time = m - (n + m 1)* t Lim U(n) = 1 m→∞ Efficiency E(n):- Efficiency E(n) = Ratio of the actual speed-up to maximum speed-up = speed-up - n = m n + m -1 Lim E(n) = 1 m→∞ Space Time Diagram For Four Stage Pipeline The behavior of pipeline can be illustrated with space time diagram that the segment or stage utilization as a function of time .The horizontal axis displays the time in clock cycles and the vertical axis gives the segment number.The Diagram shows 6 tasks T1 through T6 executed in 4 segments. Task T1 is handled by segment 1.after the first clock,segment 2 is busy with T1,while segment is busy with task T2.Continuing in this manner,the first task T1 is completed after the fourth clock cycle.From then on,the pipe completes a task every clock cycle. clock I/p s S1 R1 S2 R2 S3 R3 S4 R4 DIAGRAM: FOUR STAGE PIPELINE clock Stage:1 2 3 4 SPACE TIME DIAGRAM FOR PIPELINE For example:- Consider the case where n- stages pipeline with a clock cycle time tp is used to execute m tasks. The first task t1 requires a time equal to ntp to complete its operation since there are n stages in the pipe. The remaining m-1 task emerge from the pipe at the rate of one task per clock cycle and they will be completed after a time equal to (m-1)tp. Therefore, to complete m tasks using a n-stages pipeline requires n+(m-1) clock cycles. For eg. Above diagram shows four stages and 6 tasks. The time required to complete all the operations is 4+(6-1)=9 clock cycles. Consider a non pipeline unit that performs the same operation and takes a time equal to tn to complete each task. The total time required m tasks is mtn. The speedup of a pipeline processing over a equivalent non pipeline processing is defined by the ratio S(n)= mtn (n+m-1)tp As the no. Of tasks increases , m becomes much larger than m-1 and n+m-1 approaches the value of m. Under the condition , the speedup becomes S(n)= tn tp Assume that the time it takes to process a task is the same in the pipeline and non pipeline circuits, we will have tn = ntp including this assumption, the speedup reduces to S(n)= ntp = N tp This shows that the theoretical max. Speedup that a pipeline can provide is n,where n is the no. Of stagessegments in the pipeline. To clarify the meaning of the speedup ratio, let the time it takes to process a suboperation in each segment be equal to tp=20 ns Assume that the pipeline has n stages and executes n =100 tasks in sequence. The pipeline system will take (n+m-1)tp =(4+99)*20 =2060 ns to complete. Assuming that tn=mtp 4*20=80 ns, A non pipeline system requires mntp=100*80=8000 ns to complete the 100 taks. The speedup ratio is equal to the 8000/2060=3.88. As the no. Of tasks increases,the speedup will approach 4, which is equal to the no. Of stages in the pipeline. If assume that tn=60 ns, the speedup becomes 60/20=3. Some way to control a pipeline for collision free operations To avoid the collision in data dependency operation are: Hardware Interlocks It is an interlock circuit that detects instructions whose source operands are destinations of instructions farther up in the pipeline. Detection of the situation causes the instruction whose source is not available to be delayed by enough clock cycles to resolve the collision. This way the program maintains the sequence by using hardware to insert the required delays. Operand Forwarding It uses special hardware to detect a collision and then avoid it by routing the data through special paths between pipeline stages. This method requires additional hardware paths through multiplexers as well as the circuit that detects the collision. Delayed Load It solves the data collision problem to the compiler that translates the high level language into a machine language program. The compiler for such computers is designed to detect a data collision and reorder the instructions as necessary to delay the loading of the collisioned data by inserting no-operation instructions. This way is referred to as delayed load. To avoid the collision in branch instructions operations are: Prefetch Target Instruction This is used to handling a conditional branch is to prefetch the target instruction in the additional to the instruction following branch. Bath are saved until the branch is executed. If the branch condition is successful, the pipeline continues from the branch target instruction. An extension the procedure is to continue fetching instructions from both places until the branch decision is of the correct program flow. Branch Target Buffer The BTB is an associative memory included in the fetch segment of the pipeline. Each entry in the BTB consists of the address of a previously executed branch instruction and the target instruction for that branch. It stores the new few instructions after the associative memory BTB for the address of the instruction . If it is in the BTB,the instruction is available directly and prefetch continues from the new path. If the instruction is not in the BTB, the pipeline shifts to a new instruction stream and stores the target instruction in the BTB. Advantage is that branch instruction occurred previously are readily available in the pipeline without interruption. Load Buffer A Variation of the BTB is the load buffer. This is a small very high speed register file maintained by instruction fetch segment of the pipeline. When a program loop is detected in the program, it is stored in the loop buffer in its entirely, including all branches. The program loop can be executed directly without having to access memory until he loop mode is removed by final branching out. Branch Prediction A pipeline with branch prediction uses some additional logic to guess he outcome of a conditional branch instruction before it is executed . The pipeline then begins refetching the instruction stream from the predicted path. A correct prediction eliminates the wasted time caused by branch penalties. Delayed Branch This is the way to employed in RICS processors is the delayed branch. In the procedure, the compiler detects the branch instruction and instruction hat keep the pipeline operating without interruptions. An example of delayed branch is the insertion of a no operation instruction after a branch instruction . This causes the computer to fetch the target instruction during the execution of the no-operation instruction ,allowing a continuous flow of the pipeline.

Ethics Theories and the competing values framework

Ethics Theories and the competing values framework Ethics Theories and the Competing Values Framework Introduction Management theory and practice implicitly endorse some ethical values over others and this provides the basic ethical orientation of managers. But managers have to understand different ethical theories to find out best for a particular situation â€Å"Ethics can be defined as the systematic attempt to make sense of individual, group, organizational, professional, social, market, and global moral experiences in such a way as to determine the desirable, prioritized ends that are worth pursuing, the right rules and obligations that ought to govern human conduct, the virtuous intentions and character traits that deserve development in life, and to act accordingly. Put more simply, ethics is the study of individual and collective moral awareness, judgment, character, and conduct.†[1] Researchers propose three types of ethics namely, descriptive, normative and analytical. Ethical Theories There are a number of ethical theories. All these theories can be exhibited in four quadrants in the figure below[2]: Teleological Ethics Theories Teleological ethics theories proposes that beneficial ends and/or results determine the ethical value of actions. If, on balance, any action provides more benefits than costs to the relevant stakeholder (s) than by any other alternative, teleological ethics endorses the goodness of that choice. Three major types of teleological ethics are eudaimonism, utilitarianism, and egoism. Ethical Egoism Ethical egoism, is a teleological theory that holds that an action is good if it produces or tends to produce results that maximize a particular persons self-interest as defined by the individual, even at the expense of others. Ethical egoism discourages a person to help others when the person gets nothing out of it. Enlightened egoism emphasizes long-range self-interest simultaneously endorsing altruistic concern for the well being of others. An enlightened egoist, for example, may well avoid cheating and support community projects, not so much because these actions benefit others, but because they help achieve some ultimate goal for the egoist, such as social image enhancement that could lead to carrier advancement within an organization. Utilitarianism Principle of Utilitarianism proposes that an action can be considered as right only if the action produces most utility for all the people affected by the action. Utilitarianism principle holds that the action whose net benefits are greatest relative to the net benefit of all other alternative actions. Both future as well as immediate costs and benefits are taken into consideration in this principle. Utilitarians have come up with an alternate version of the principle of Utilitarianism called rule utilitarianism. According to this, an action is ethically right, if the actions would be required by moral rules which are correct. A moral rule is correct if the sum total of the utilities produced is greater than sum total of utilities produced if everyone follows an alternative rule. Rule Utilitarianism is applicable to a great extent to an organizational context. In an organizational situation, according to Rule Utilitarianism the correct moral rule is the one that would produce greatest utility for everyone affected. Eudaimonism or Theories of Happiness Eudaimonism is a teleological theory that endorses a course of action if it promotes or tends to promote the fulfillment of goals relating to human nature and its happiness. For example, this theory says that a manager enforces employee health and safety standards at work to ensure that employees derive happiness and satisfaction out of it. This theory is based on the premise that when a choice has to made between having a good time (maximizing pleasurable utility) and leading a good life (maximizing happiness) and the latter outcome was to be preferred to the former. Deontological Ethics Theories Deontological ethics theories maintain that responsibly fulfilling obligations, following proper procedure, â€Å"doing the right thing†, and adhering to moral standards determine the ethical value of actions. Deontological ethics maintains that irrespective of the consequences of an action, an action is ethical if it is morally right. Among the major types of deontological ethics are negative and positive rights theories, social contract theories, and social justice theories. Negative and Positive Rights Theories Negative rights theories hold that an action is right if it protects an individual from unwarranted interference from government and/or other people in the exercise of that right; for example, if a person has a right to privately use, sell, or dispose of his personal property as he chooses, this means that every other person has the correlative duty not to prevent him from privately using, selling, or disposing of his property as he freely chooses. Positive rights theories hold that an action is right if it provides any individual with whatever he or she needs to exist. For example, if he has a right to adequate health care to survive, this means that other agents (perhaps the government) have the correlative duty to provide him with entitled adequate health care, not merely to avoid interfering with its competitive acquisition. Social Contract Theories Social contract theories hold that an action is right if it conforms to the terms agreed upon, conditions, or rules for social well-being negotiated by competent parties. Social Justice Theories Social justice theories hold that an action is right if it promotes the duty of fairness in the distributive, retributive, and compensatory dimensions of social benefits and burdens. For managers, this approach stresses monitoring adherence to standard operating procedures and rewarding persons for adhering to contractual agreements in a coordinated manner. Virtue Ethics Theories Virtue ethics theories maintain that habitual development of sound character traits determines the ethical value of persons. For the virtue ethicist, sound, balanced character, motivation, and intention of an individual is more important than the persons actual conduct and its consequences. Three major types of virtue ethics theories focus on individual, work, and professional character which defines the required characteristics of the character of an individual or work or professional. System Development Ethics Theories System development ethics theories maintain that the ethical value of actions is determined by the nature and extent of the supportive framework for continuous improvement of ethical conduct. Managers should assess and develop work cultures supportive of ethical conduct. Ethical problems faced by Personnel Managers: The ethical issues faced by individual employees and managers are very different, since managers are responsible for the entire range of human resources activities such as hiring, firing, disciplining, and performance evaluation. A large number of the ethical issues that arise in business are human resources related and these can usually be addressed by local managers, who act quickly, fairly, and with compassion.3 Hiring and Work Assignments: A manager hires, or brings new people into the organization, and determines employee work assignments once employees are on the job. The new people may be permanent employees, or they may be part -time employees, temporary workers, or consultants. Performance Evaluation: Many times performance evaluation is not done objectively but is based[3] on the relationship of the executive with his appraiser. This defies the entire purpose of Performance Appraisal System which should ensure that a fair and transparent appraisal is done. This kind of favoritism may lead to demotivation of star performers and sends a bad signal in the company. One good way to ensure continuous performance evaluation is to establish a formal appraisal system where performance of an employee is measured continuously and through quantifiable parameters. By measuring the objectives and targets are quantifiable and objectively measured, the process becomes fair and ethical. An ongoing process can greatly reduce misunderstanding, resentment, and charges of discrimination or bias. Terminations: Termination done in any form is never pleasant and should be avoided at all times but at times management is faced with no choice but to terminate the employees. Layoffs can result from many kinds of reorganizations such as mergers, acquisitions, relocations, or as the result of economic reasons, or changes in business strategy. A layoff can stem from a decision to trim staff in one department, or from a decision to reduce head count company-wide. 4 There are steps a manager can take to make it easier for the employee being terminated. The main goals are to be fair, ethical and to allow the employee to maintain personal dignity. Manager should ensure that this step is taken as a last possible resort and if it is inevitable, manager should ensure that the employee is given sufficient notice to get a new job or come up beneficial schemes like voluntary requirements. Also, it would be more beneficial if management engages outplacement counselors or human resources professionals to meet with people who are laid off. Managing workforce diversity Managers are often placed with ethical issues of discrimination and unfair favoritism on the basis of the society and community that the employee belongs to. It is important for a manager to discourage any kind of bias based on religion, community and gender. Importance of Ethics in Business context Enron Scandal Enron Scandal a saga of how the truth unfolded and the one-time most reputed business of America went into trash. As the Consequential Theory of Utilitarianism says, an act is ethical or morally right only if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable to everyone. As in the case of Enron, it can be seen that whatever the top management did was favourable to only a bunch of officials while the sufferers were the stakeholders in the form of shareholders, employees, financial institutions, accounting firms etc. Also later, when the mask was off, all the culprit officials were penalized and punished which proves that truth cant be hidden for long. And the short-term benefit is too short when compared with long-term cost which one has to pay for its unethical acts. [4] Enron entered into a range of shady dealings, including concealing debts so they didnt show up in the companys accounts. This can be justified as according to the Normative Principle in Applied Ethics which talks about the â€Å"Right to information†. Enron lied about its profits as during its heyday from 1999 to 2000, the company reported very strong net income by dubious accounting exercises. But the actual amount of cash that Enrons businesses generated wasnt nearly as impressive. Wrong information is more catastrophic than no-information. This can be justified as according to the Normative Principle in Applied Ethics which talks about the â€Å"Principle of honesty† which says that one shall not deceive others. Insider Trading refers to the process where a person is in hold of certain information due to ones position in the organization and he uses it for his own advantage. Insider trading is both illegal and unethical. Enron CEO Ken Lay had been consistently selling Enron stock in 2001. Top management promoted Enron shares as a bargain to employees and linked all their pension plans to the same. These employees had lost up to 90 percent of their 401(k) retirement savings as Enrons shares trashed into ground. As per principle of Principle of Paternalism, one should assist others in pursuing their best interests when they cannot do so of themselves. In this case, employees were ignorant of the fact as to what was the company doing, moreover, they were ignorant of best practices so they relied on the advice of their CEO to invest in stocks.[5] Conclusion The collapse of Enron has made it clear that no matter how much profit an organization makes in short-run, for its survival in the long-run, it has to stick to the policies of ethical practice. Any organization that deviates from this, will suffer in the long-run. A manager would invariably be faced with ethical dilemmas in the daily working of an organization but he or she should not endorse unethical practices since it would harm the organization in the long run and no organization can sustain in long term on unethical practices and policies. References 1. Joseph A. Petrick John F. Quinn, (1997), Management Ethics: Integrity at Work, Sage Publications, Sage series in Business Ethics. 2. Ken Blanchard, Ch. 8. Managing by Values, P.33-36, in Integrity at Work, Edited by Ken Shelton, Executive excellence publishing, 1998. 3. Ken Blanchard, Ch. 8. Managing by Values, P.33-36, in Integrity at Work, Edited by Ken Shelton, Executive excellence publishing, 1998. 4. Willlmot Hugh, â€Å"Contributions of Poststructuralism and Posthumanism†, Ethics Organization, Sage Publications, 1998, Pg. 76 -121 5. Hart, O. , 1995, Corporate Governance: Some Theory and Implications, The Economic Journal 105, 678-689. 6. Retrieved from http://www.ethics.org/ [1] Joseph A Petrick John F. Quinn, Management Ethics: Integrity at Work, Sage Series on Business Ethics , 1997, p.43. [2] Ibid, p. 48 [3] Ken Blanchard, Ch. 8. Managing by Values, P.33-36, in Integrity at Work, Edited by Ken Shelton, Executive excellence publishing, 1998. [4] Willlmot Hugh, â€Å"Contributions of Poststructuralism and Posthumanism†, Ethics Organization, Sage Publications, 1998, Pg. 76 -121 [5]5 Hart, O. , 1995, Corporate Governance: Some Theory and Implications, The Economic Journal 105, 678-689.

resume :: essays research papers

To: Consumer Reports Online Web Site Customer Relations Department 101 Truman Avenue Yonkers, NY 10703 ere were no laws. Even though this was not illegal it would surely be punished by death if perceived, Winston therefore did all that he could do in secrete. Progressing on with his diary he hears a quite knock on his door, I can imagine him Jumping, and then looking up with a startled glance. He answers the door only to find that it is his neighbor Mrs. Parson, she was having some trouble with her pipes and thought that Winston being a member of the part would be able to help her. Winston however quickly finds himself uncomfortable in Mrs. Parson’s home. Not because of Mrs. Parson or even because of her telescreen, but rather her children who were much more dangerous than perhaps even the telescreen. They were members of a party led group called the Junior Spies, these â€Å"spies† are sent out by Big Brother to catch adults in committing thought crime. He has some fears that he has been caught, and duly writes these things in his journal. The next morning his dreams awake him before the alarm from the telescreen, it was time for his exercises and as he exercised he thought about history. Real history not the over baked and watered down crap that the Party fed everyone. He could remember nothing of Big Brother before 1960, but now it seem that records of his acted had materialized as far back as the thirty’s. As he is thinking he must have slacked off because he is scolded by a voice from the inside of his telescreen. Winston works in the records department of the Ministry of Truth, his job is to correct â€Å"flaws† in history that incriminate the party’s leader Big Brother. The extent of altering goes from the most extreme action of deleting events in the records; to the simple and quite mundane task of simply changing the name of someone mentioned. Winston is starting to get tired of lying for a living. He then retires for lunch and discuses the nature of Oceania’s new official language called â€Å"Newspeak†, it seems that the goal of this new language is to completely rule out all possibility of rebellion by eliminating words that pertain to independent thought and action.

Permaculture: An Approach to Agriculture :: Farming Food Papers

Permaculture: An Approach to Agriculture "Without agriculture there will be immediate mass starvation, but with agriculture there will be a continual eroding away of the productive basis of human livelihood." -Wes Jackson (23) With the exception of some indigenous cultures where hunting and gathering is practiced, agriculture has been humans' primary source of food production for thousands of years. As time has passed, humans have furthered their knowledge of how agricultural systems work. This has resulted in a modern agriculture backed by hundreds of years of scientific research that seeks to ever increase the amount of food produced by a given acreage of land. Yet while modern agriculture is becoming more focused on efficiently producing food, it is not being followed with sensitivity to how it affects the environment and even the health of soils under its own feet. Since food production is in essence a focused natural process (growth of specific plants and animals), it is intrinsically dependent on the natural world and its systems. Thus, as Jackson points out in the above quote, an agricultural system unconcerned with environmental health is ignoring its very foundations. A majority of the world's food needs are currently being met by the modern production-focused agricultural system mentioned above. However, as the scientific community is finding more and more evidence of a link between environmental degradation and this type of agriculture, new methods of agriculture are being developed and practiced that focus equal attention to both environmental health and food production. One such model, permaculture, is rapidly gaining attention throughout the world due to its foundational proposal: intelligent and ecologically sensitive design of agricultural systems should naturally be more efficient and productive than the ecologically destructive conventional systems. Problems With Conventional Industrialized Agriculture

Character analysis of Curleys wife and Slim. :: English Literature

Character analysis of Curley's wife and Slim. Steinbeck managers to deliver Curley's wife and Slim's description of their characters so clearly because we get told what people think of them but then we get given their clear precise description of them so we can make our judgement of their personality. We first hear about Curley's wife by Candy when he tells George and Lennie. This is a bit of gossip that Candy tells George about Curley's wife and it is also the opinion of most of the ranch workers. Now Candy is a gossip and he wants to tell George and he does it very effectively. Candy makes sure that George is on his side and you can tell that he feels a bit safer when George agrees with him. We are told that Curley's wife is very beautiful and a bit of a flirt when Candy says, 'I seen her give Slim the eye.' 'An' I seen her give Carlson the eye.' Candy's opinion of Curley's wife is emphasized when he says to George, 'Know what I think?' 'Well, I think Curley's married à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a tart' Steinbeck has given us a general Idea about her character but then he builds upon that by introducing her to George and Lennie. As soon as she walks in to the bunkhouse signs start to emerge. Her figure cuts off the sunlight from outside, 'the rectangle of sunshine in the doorway was cut off.' This makes the bunkhouse dark and dark is a sign for trouble and evil. Her description is very vivid and mentions the colour red, which is a very symbolised colour. 'She had full, rouged lips' 'Her fingernails were red.' 'She wore a cotton house dress and red mules, on the instep of which were little bouquets of red ostrich feathers.' Red is a symbol of danger but it can also mean love and passion. Red is also the colour that enrages a bull and since Lennie has been described and related to different animals I think Lennie could be a bull as well. Another detail that is made about Curley's wife is that 'Her voice had a nasal, brittle quality.' This is different to all of her other details because it suggests that she is also very fragile. A clue again relating to her being fragile is when she asks Slim if he has seen Curley. When Slim says that Curley is looking for her she reacts in a way that I think she is scared of Curley, 'She was suddenly apprehensive.' Another aspect that Steinbeck managers to deliver is that she is called Curley's wife

Religious Worldviews

Part One: Hindu Worldview (Pantheistic) 1. The Question of Origin – In a Hindu Worldview the question of origin would be pantheistic in nature. A Hindu would believe that they have always been in existence and everything is a part of god. God is seen as an impersonal force of nature and this force is in everything and surrounds everything. One can only escape this force through the process of reincarnation and to become one with everything. 2. The Question of Identity – In a Hindu Worldview life is seen as a sacred part of nature. Man’s soul is seen as eternal until he eventually reaches a state of Nirvana. At that time they will become one with Brahman. The goal is to do enough good deeds so that when you die you will return in a higher life form until you reach Nirvana. 3. The Question of Meaning/Purpose – In a Hindu Worldview life is to be viewed as an illusion as though one was living in a dream and life around them does not really exist. The goal is to understand this so that you may end the cycle of reincarnation and ascend to a state of Nirvana. 4. The Question of Morality – In a Hindu Worldview god is in everything and everything is in god. This belief will govern how man treats everything and everyone around them. It is ultimately one’s own decision to determine what is right and what is wrong. 5. The Question of Destiny – In a Hindu Worldview one would believe that one’s karma determines how you will return in the next life. If a person has good Karma they will reach a higher level upon rebirth. If one has bad Karma they will return to a lower level, or as an animal upon rebirth. The goal is to reach Nirvana. Part Two: Christian Worldview (Theistic) . The Question of Origin – A Christian believes that God exists and that God always has been and always will be. With this presupposition a Christian believes that he was created by God and that everything that exists was created by God. Whereas a Hindu believes that everything has always existed and is a part of god. 2. The Question of Identity – A Christian believes that because he was created by a Sovereign God he is a special creation of God. God created humans only lower than angels and in His image. God placed the responsibility of caring for His creation in the hands of humans. Hindus believe they are a part of everything in nature and the goal is to become one with Brahman. 3. The Question of Meaning/Purpose – A Christian believes that their purpose is to know God. A Christian is to have a meaningful relationship with the one true God. A Hindu believes that their purpose is to end the cycle of reincarnation and reach a state of Nirvana. 4. The Question of Morality – A Christian believes that the guide for moral living is the Bible. Right and wrong are based upon God’s holy standard and not on man’s own perspective. A Hindu believes that they govern what is right and wrong. 5. The Question of Destiny – A Christian believes that by accepting or not accepting Jesus Christ as their savor determines where one will spend life after death. By accepting Jesus Christ as ones savior they will spend eternity in Heaven where they will be in the presence of God forever. If one denies Jesus Christ they will spend eternity in hell forever separated from God. A Hindu believes in reincarnation and Karma. Good or bad karma will determine in what form they will return upon rebirth. The goal is to reach Nirvana.

Second Foundation 5. Fourth Interlude

The two Speakers passed each other on the road and one stopped the other. â€Å"I have word from the First Speaker.† There was a half-apprehensive flicker in the other's eyes. â€Å"Intersection point?† â€Å"Yes! May we live to see the dawn!† There was no sign in any of Channis' actions that he was aware of any subtle change in the attitude of Pritcher, and in their relations to each other. He leaned back on the hard wooden bench and spread-eagled his feet out in front of him. â€Å"What did you make of the governor?† Pritcher shrugged: â€Å"Nothing at all. He certainly seemed no mental genius to me. A very poor specimen of the Second Foundation, if that's what he was supposed to be.† â€Å"I don't think he was, you know. I'm not sure what to make of it. Suppose you were a Second Foundationer,† Channis grew thoughtful, â€Å"what would you do? Suppose you had an idea of our purpose here. How would you handle us?† â€Å"Conversion, of course.† â€Å"Like the Mule?† Channis looked up, sharply. â€Å"Would we know if they had converted us? I wonder- And what if they were simply psychologists, but very clever ones.† â€Å"In that case, I'd have us killed rather quickly.† â€Å"And our ship? No.† Channis wagged a forefinger. â€Å"We're playing a bluff, Pritcher, old man. It can only be a bluff. Even if they have emotional control down pat, we – you and I – are only fronts. It's the Mule they must fight, and they're being just as careful of us as we are of them. I'm assuming that they know who we are.† Pritcher, stared coldly: â€Å"What do you intend doing?† â€Å"Wait.† The word was bitten off. â€Å"Let them come to us. They're worried, maybe about the ship, but probably about the Mule. They bluffed with the governor. It didn't work. We stayed pat. The next person they'll send will be a Second Foundationer, and he'll propose a deal of some sort.† â€Å"And then?† â€Å"And then we make the deal.† â€Å"I don't think so.† â€Å"Because you think it will double-cross the Mule? It won't.† â€Å"No, the Mule could handle your double-crosses, any you could invent. But I still don't think so.† â€Å"Because you think then we couldn't double-cross the Foundationers?† â€Å"Perhaps not. But that's not the reason.† Channis let his glance drop to what the other held in his fist, and said grimly: â€Å"You mean that's the reason.† Pritcher cradled his blaster, â€Å"That's right. You are under arrest.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"For treason to the First Citizen of the Union.† Channis' lips hardened upon one another: â€Å"What's going on?† â€Å"Treason! As I said. And correction of the matter, on my part.† â€Å"Your proof? Or evidence, assumptions, daydreams? Are you mad?† â€Å"No. Are you? Do you think the Mule sends out unweaned youngsters on ridiculous swashbuckling missions for nothing? It was queer to me at the time. But I wasted time in doubting myself. Why should he send you? Because you smile and dress well? Because you're twenty-eight.† â€Å"Perhaps because I can be trusted. Or aren't you in the market for logical reasons?† â€Å"Or perhaps because you can't be trusted. Which is logical enough, as it turns out.† â€Å"Are we matching paradoxes, or is this all a word game to see who can say the least in the most words?† And the blaster advanced, with Pritcher after it. He stood erect before the younger man: â€Å"Stand up!† Channis did so, in no particular hurry, and felt the muzzle of the blaster touch his belt with no shrinking of the stomach muscles. Pritcher said: â€Å"What the Mule wanted was to find the Second Foundation. He had failed and I had failed, and the secret that neither of us can find is a well-hidden one. So there was one outstanding possibility left – and that was to find a seeker who already*** knew the hiding-place.† â€Å"Is that I?† â€Å"Apparently it was. I didn't know then, of course, but though my mind must be slowing, it still points in the right direction. How easily we found Star's End! How miraculously you examined the correct Field Region of the Lens from among an infinite number of possibilties! And having done so, how nicely we observe just the correct point for observation! You clumsy fool! Did you so underestimate me that no combination of impossible fortuties struck you as being too much for me to swallow?† â€Å"You mean I've been too successful?† â€Å"Too successful by half for any loyal man.† â€Å"Because the standards of success you set me were so low?† And the blaster prodded, though in the face that confronted*** Channis only the cold glitter of the eyes betrayed the growing anger: â€Å"Because you are in the pay of the Second Foundation.† â€Å"Pay?†- infinite contempt. â€Å"Prove that.† â€Å"Or under the mental influence.† â€Å"Without the Mule's knowledge? Ridiculous.† â€Å"With the Mule's knowledge. Exactly my point, my you dullard. With the Mule's knowledge. Do you suppose else that you would be given a ship to play with? You led us to the Second Foundation as you were supposed to do.† â€Å"I thresh a kernel of something or other out of this immensity of chaff. May I ask why I'm supposed to be doing all this? If were a traitor, why should I lead you to the Second Foundation? Why not hither and yon through the Galaxy, skipping gaily, finding no more than you ever did?' â€Å"For the sake of the ship. And because the men of the Second Foundation quite obviously need atomic warfare for self-defense.† ‘You'll have to do better than that. One ship won't mean thing to them, and if they think they'll learn science from it a build atomic power plants next year, they are very, very simple Second Foundationers, indeed. On the order of simplicity as yourself, I should say.† â€Å"You will have the opportunity to explain that to the Mule.† â€Å"We're going back to Kalgan?† â€Å"On the contrary. We're staying here. And the Mule will join us in fifteen minutes – more or less. Do you think he hasn't followed us, my sharp-witted, nimble-minded lump of self-admiration? You have played the decoy well in reverse. You may not have led our victims to us, but you have certainly led us to our victims.† â€Å"May I sit down,† said Channis, â€Å"and explain something to you in picture drawings? Please.† â€Å"You will remain standing.† â€Å"At*** that, I can say it as well standing. You think the Mule followed us because of the hypertracer on the communication circuit?† The blaster might have wavered. Channis wouldn't have sworn to it. He said: â€Å"You don't look surprised. But I don't waste time doubting that you feel surprised. Yes, I knew about it. And now, having shown you that I knew of something you didn't think I did, I'll tell you something you don't know, that I know you don't.† â€Å"You allow yourself too many preliminaries, Channis. I should think your sense of invention was more smoothly greased.† â€Å"There's an invention to this. There have been traitors, of course, or enemy agents, if you prefer that term. But the Mule knew of that in a rather curious way. It seems, you see, that some of his Converted men had been tampered with.† The blaster did waver that time. Unmistakably. â€Å"I emphasize that, Pritcher. It was why he needed me. I was an Unconverted man. Didn't he emphasize to you that he needed an Unconverted? Whether he gave you the real reason or not?† â€Å"Try something else, Channis. If I were against the Mule, I'd know it.† Quietly, rapidly, Pritcher was feeling his mind. It felt the same. It felt the same. Obviously the man was lying. â€Å"You mean you feel loyal to the Mule. Perhaps. Loyalty wasn't tampered with. Too easily detectable, the Mule said. But how do you feel mentally? Sluggish? Since you started this trip, have you always felt normal? Or have you felt strange sometimes, as though you weren't quite yourself? What are you trying to do, bore a hole through me without touching the trigger?† Pritcher withdrew his blaster half an inch, â€Å"What are you trying to say?† â€Å"I say that you've been tampered with. You've been handled. You didn't see the Mule install that hypertracer. You didn't see anyone do it. You just found it there, and assumed it was the Mule, and ever since you've been assuming he was following us. Sure, the wrist receiver you're wearing contacts the ship on a wave length mine isn't good for. Do you think I didn't know that?† He was speaking quickly now, angrily. His cloak of indifference had dissolved into savagery. â€Å"But it's not the Mule that's coming toward us from out there. It's not the Mule.† â€Å"Who, if not?† â€Å"Well, who do you suppose? I found that hypertracer, the day we left. But I didn't think it was the Mule. He had no reason for indirection at that point. Don't you see the nonsense of it? If I were a traitor and he knew that, I could be Converted as easily as you were, and he would have the secret of the location of the Second Foundation out of my mind without sending me half across the Galaxy. Can you keep a secret from the Mule? And if I didn't know, then I couldn't lead him to it. So why send me in either case? â€Å"Obviously, that hypertracer must have been put there by an agent of the Second Foundation. That's who's coming towards us now. And would you have been fooled if your precious mind hadn't been tampered with? What kind of normality have you that you imagine immense folly to be wisdom? Me bring a ship to the Second Foundation? What would they do with a ship? â€Å"It's you they want, Pritcher. You know more about the Union than anyone but the Mule, and you're not dangerous to them while he is. That's why they put the direction of search into my mind. Of course, it was completely impossible for me to find Tazenda by random searchings of the Lens. I knew that. But I knew there was the Second Foundation after us, and I knew they engineered it. Why not play their game? It was a battle of bluffs. They wanted us and I wanted their location – and space take the one that couldn't outbluff the other. â€Å"But it's we that will lose as long as you hold that blaster on me. And it obviously isn't your idea. It's theirs. Give me the blaster, Pritcher. I know it seems wrong to you, but it isn't your mind speaking, it's the Second Foundation within you. Give me the blaster, Pritcher, and we'll face what's coming now, together.† Pritcher, faced a growing confusion in horror. Plausibility! Could he be so wrong? Why this eternal doubt of himself? Why wasn't he sure? What made Channis sound so plausible? Plausibility! Or was it his own tortured mind fighting the invasion of the alien. Was he split in two? Hazily, he saw Channis standing before him, hand outstretched – and suddenly, he knew he was going to give him the blaster. And as the muscles of his arm were on the point of contracting in the proper manner to do so, the door opened, not hastily, behind him – and he turned. There are perhaps men in the Galaxy who can be confused for one another even by men at their peaceful leisure. Correspondingly, there may be conditions of mind when even unlikely pairs may be mis-recognized. But the Mule rises above any combination of the two factors. Not all Pritcher's agony of mind prevented the instantaneous mental flood of cool vigor that engulfed him. Physically, the Mule could not dominate any situation. Nor did he dominate this one. He was rather a ridiculous figure in his layers of clothing that thickened him past his normality without allowing him to reach normal dimensions even so. His face was muffled and the usually dominant beak covered what was left in a cold-red prominence. Probably as a vision of rescue, no greater incongruity could exist. He said: â€Å"Keep your blaster, Pritcher.† Then he turned to Channis, who had shrugged and seated himself: â€Å"The emotional context here seems rather confusing and considerably in conflict. What's this about someone other than myself following you?† Pritcher intervened sharply: â€Å"Was a hypertracer placed upon our ship by your orders, sir?† The Mule turned cool eyes upon him, â€Å"Certainly. Is it very likely that any organization in the Galaxy other than the Union of Worlds would have access to it?' â€Å"He said-â€Å" â€Å"Well, he's here, general. Indirect quotation is not necessary. Have you been saying anything, Channis?† â€Å"Yes. But mistakes apparently, sir. It has been my opinion that the tracer was put there by someone in the pay of the Second Foundation and that we had been led here for some purpose of theirs, which I was prepared to counter. I was under the further impression that the general was more or less in their hands.† â€Å"You sound as if you think so no longer.† â€Å"I'm afraid not. Or it would not have been you at the door.† â€Å"Well, then, let us thresh this out.† The Mule peeled off the outer layers of padded, and electrically heated clothing. â€Å"Do you mind if I sit down as well? Now – we are safe here and perfectly free of any danger of intrusion. No native of this lump of ice will have any desire to approach this place. I assure you of that,† and there was a grim earnestness about his insistence upon his powers. Channis showed his disgust. â€Å"Why privacy? Is someone going to serve tea and bring out the dancing girls?† â€Å"Scarcely. What was this theory of yours, young man? A Second Foundationer was tracing you with a device which no one but I have and – how did you say you found this place?† â€Å"Apparently, sir, it seems obvious, in order to account for known facts, that certain notions have been put into my head-â€Å" â€Å"By these same Second Foundationers?† â€Å"No one else, I imagine.† â€Å"Then it did not occur to you that if a Second Foundationer could force, or entice, or inveigle you into going to the Second Foundation for purposes of his own – and I assume you imagined he used methods similar to mine, though, mind you, I can implant only emotions, not ideas – it did not occur to you that if he could do that there was little necessity to put a hypertracer on you. And Channis looked up sharply and met his sovereign's large eyes with sudden startle. Pritcher grunted and a visible relaxation showed itself in his shoulders. â€Å"No,† said Channis, â€Å"that hadn't occurred to me.† â€Å"Or that if they were obliged to trace you, they couldn't feel capable of directing you, and that, undirected, you could have precious little chance of finding your way here as you did. Did that occur to you?† â€Å"That, neither.† â€Å"Why not? Has your intellectual level receded to a so-much-greater-than-probable degree?† â€Å"The only answer is a question, sir. Are you joining General Pritcher in accusing me of being a traitor?† â€Å"You have a defense in case I am?† â€Å"Only the one I presented to the general. If I were a traitor and knew the whereabouts of the Second Foundation, you could Convert me and learn the knowledge directly. If you felt it necessary to trace me, then I hadn't the knowledge beforehand and wasn't a traitor. So I answer your paradox with another.† â€Å"Then your conclusion?† â€Å"That I am not a traitor.† â€Å"To which I must agree, since your argument is irrefutable.† â€Å"Then may I ask you why you had us secretly followed?† â€Å"Because to all the facts there is a third explanation. Both you and Pritcher explained some facts in your own individual ways, but not all. I – if you can spare me the time – will explain all. And in a rather short time, so there is little danger of boredom. Sit down, Pritcher, and give me your blaster. There is no danger of attack on us any longer. None from in here and none from out there. None in fact even from the Second Foundation. Thanks to you, Channis.† The room was lit in the usual Rossemian fashion of electrically heated wire. A single bulb was suspended from the ceiling and in its dim yellow glow, the three cast their individual shadows. The Mule said: â€Å"Since I felt it necessary to trace Channis, it was obvious I expect to gain something thereby. Since he went to the Second Foundation with a startling speed and directness, we can reasonably assume that that was what I was expecting to happen. Since I did not gain the knowledge from him directly, something must have been preventing me. Those are the facts. Channis, of course, knows the answer. So do I. Do you see it, Pritcher?† And Pritcher said doggedly: â€Å"No, sir.† â€Å"Then I'll explain. Only one kind of man can both know the location of the Second Foundation and prevent me from learning it. Channis, I'm afraid you're a Second Foundationer yourself.† And Channis' elbows rested on his knees as he leaned forward, and through stiff and angry lips said: â€Å"What is your direct evidence? Deduction has proven wrong twice today.† â€Å"There is direct evidence, too, Channis. It was easy enough. I told you that my men had been tampered with. The tamperer must have been, obviously, someone who was a) Unconverted, and b) fairly close to the center of things. The field was large but not entirely unlimited. You were too successful, Channis. People liked you too much. You got along too well. I wondered- â€Å"And then I summoned you to take over this expedition and it didn't set you back. I watched your emotions. It didn't bother you. You overplayed the confidence there, Channis. No man of real competence could have avoided a dash of uncertainty at a job like that. Since your mind did avoid it, it was either a foolish one or a controlled one. It was easy to test the alternatives. I seized your mind at a moment of relaxation and filled it with grief for an instant and then removed it. You were angry afterwards with such accomplished art that I could have sworn it was a natural reaction, but for that which went first. For when I wrenched at your emotions, for just one instant, for one tiny instant before you could catch yourself, your mind resisted. It was all I needed to know. â€Å"No one could have resisted me, even for that tiny instant, without control similar to mine.† Channis' voice was low and bitter: â€Å"Well, then? Now what?† â€Å"And now you die – as a Second Foundationer. Quite necessary, as I believe you realize.† And once again Channis stared into the muzzle of a blaster. A muzzle guided this time by a mind, not like Pritcher's capable of offhand twisting to suit himself, but by one as mature as his own and as resistant to force as his own. And the period of time allotted him for a correction of events was small. What followed thereafter is difficult to describe by one with the normal complement of senses and the normal incapacity for emotional control. Essentially, this is what Channis realized in the tiny space of time involved in the pushing of the Mule's thumb upon the trigger contact. The Mule's current emotional makeup was one of a hard and polished determination, unmisted by hesitation in the least. Had Channis been sufficiently interested afterward to calculate the time involved from the determination to shoot to the arrival of the disintegrating energies, he might have realized that his leeway was about one-fifth of a second. That was barely time. What the Mule realized in that same tiny space of time was that the emotional potential of Channis' brain had surged suddenly upwards without his own mind feeling any impact and that, simultaneously, a flood of pure, thrilling hatred cascaded upon him from an unexpected direction. It was that new emotional element that jerked his thumb off the contact. Nothing else could have done it, and almost together with his change of action, came complete realization of the new situation. It was a tableau that endured far less than the significance adhering to it should require from a dramatic standpoint. There was the Mule, thumb off the blaster, staring intently upon Channis There was Channis taut, not quite daring to breathe yet. And there was Pritcher, convulsed in his chair; every muscle at a spasmodic breaking point; every tendon writhing in an effort to hurl forward; his face twisted at last out of schooled woodenness into an unrecognizable death mask of horrid hate; and his eyes only and entirely and supremely upon the Mule. Only a word or two passed between Channis and the Mule – only a word or two and that utterly revealing stream of emotional consciousness that remains forever the true interplay of understanding between such as they. For the sake of our own limits, it is necessary to translate into words what went on, then, and thenceforward. Channis said, tensely: â€Å"You're between two fires, First Citizen. You can't control two minds simultaneously, not when one of them is mine – so you have your choice. Pritcher, is free of your Conversion now. I've snapped the bonds. He's the old Pritcher; the one who tried to kill you once; the one who thinks you're the enemy of all that is free and right and holy; and he's the one besides who knows that you've debased him to helpless adulation for five years. I'm holding him back now by suppressing his will, but if you kill me, that ends, and in considerably less time than you could shift your blaster or even your will – he will kill you.† The Mule quite plainly realized that. He did not move. Channis continued: â€Å"If you turn to place him under control, to kill him, to do anything, you won't ever be quick enough to turn again to stop me.† The Mule still did not move. Only a soft sigh of realization. â€Å"So,† said Channis, â€Å"throw down the blaster, and let us be on even terms again, and you can have Pritcher back.† â€Å"I made a mistake,† said the Mule, finally. â€Å"It was wrong to have a third party present when I confronted you. It introduced one variable too many. It is a mistake that must be paid for, I suppose.† He dropped the blaster carelessly, and kicked it to the other end of the room. Simultaneously, Pritcher crumpled into profound sleep. â€Å"He'll be normal when he awakes,† said the Mule, indifferently. The entire exchange from the time the Mule's thumb had begun pressing the trigger-contact to the time he dropped the blaster had occupied just under a second and a half of time. But just beneath the borders of consciousness, for a time just above the borders of detection, Channis caught a fugitive emotional gleam in the Mule's mind. And it was still one of sure and confident triumph.

Alcohol Impact on the Fetal Development

Alcohol Impact on the Fetal Development Every year, in the United States of America, between 1000 to 6000 children are born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), that is considered a huge number. (â€Å"Drinking alcohol during pregnancy,† 2008). Pregnancy is a very crucial time for the fetus. Women need to take care of the fetus by resting, eating a balanced and diet nutritious and performing some physical exercise. In the world, there are many things that can impact the fetus that women are not aware of and mothers should be cautious.Alcohol is one of them, expectant mothers should not drink alcohol during pregnancy. The purpose of this research is to explain and discuss the deleterious effects of alcohol on the fetal development during pregnancy. When, Where, How They Discover that Alcohol Has Effect on the Fetus In 1968, a man from France recognized that drinking alcohol during pregnancy may cause Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), name was Lemoin. In 1973 in the United States of A merica, James and Smith continued the research about Fetal Alcohol Syndrome FAS.They mentioned that (FAS) affect the fetus growth and cause bad result to the fetus before and after being born (Caleekal, 1989). The scientist discovered Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in some children whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy before 30 years. At that time, they created FAS about alcohol's effects on the fetus. (NIAAA, 2000). Fortunately, these days with advances in medicine, scientists discover many things having an effect on the fetal development. Many women feel that drinking alcohol during pregnancy is not a big deal.But, depending on some research, it is not only a big deal but a serious problem that will affect the fetus and will cause FAS to be in fetus. Diseases and Disorders of Drinking Alcohol During Pregnancy The Fetus's food come from what the mother consumed either bad or good. Women should not drink any types of alcohol during pregnancy or when they are planning to become pregna nt because the women might be pregnant and they do not recognize that for a few days. This situation is happening in the United States of America every year to many women. Approximately 50% of pregnancies are unplanned.Drinking alcohol during pregnancy might cause FAS. Women can protect their children from Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) completely by stopping alcohol use during pregnancy (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2010). FAS causes many serious problems and diseases in the fetus such as mental retardation, problems on the heart, weak growth of the fetus, difficulties of understanding and problems in the brain. The mothers should never drink alcohol during their pregnancies, at least the three months of first trimester because these are a dangerous and sensitive time for the fetus.However, not all the children whose mothers consume alcohol will develop birth defects. Sometimes, it affects their behavior and their lives will be difficult for them. Oth er effects of FAS are Alcohol-Related Birth Defects (ARBDs) and Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders (ARNDs). ARBDs are the physical problems in the fetus such as heart disease, eyes diseases or organs problems. ARNDs are the learning problems and difficulties in the fetus such as difficulties of understanding or short memory. There is no medicine or treatment for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (â€Å"Drinking alcohol during pregnancy,† 2008).Some researchers discovered that drinking alcohol during pregnancy might cause abortion or premature birth the fetus before the specific time and sometimes kill the fetus. The probability of causing diseases depends on the amount of drinking (â€Å"Drinking alcohol during pregnancy,† 2008). According to Henry and Lyn (1984), consuming alcohol during pregnancy may lead to prematurity. They observed drinking more than seven drinks a week during pregnancy may cause preterm delivery. Also, alcohol abuse during pregnancy is associated with decreased birth weight and neurological effects on newborns.

How does Robert Louis Stevenson explore the duality of human nature in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde? Essay

Robert Louis Stevenson incorporated the ideology of the duality of human nature into his Victorian thriller novella: ‘The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’. This does not emerge fully until the last chapter. The text not only de-familiarizes the duality of human nature as its central theme but forces us to wonder the properties of this duality and to consider each of the novella’s chapters as we weigh up the various theories. Jekyll asserts that â€Å"man is not truly one, but truly two,† implying that everyone has two parts to their personality, ‘Good’ and ‘Bad’ instead of just yourself and he imagines the human soul as the battleground for an â€Å"angel† and a â€Å"fiend,† both opposing forces each struggling for mastery. The novella tackles many different theories that circulated at the time. When the novella was published, there was uproar that it suggested we have two parts to our personalities. This theory went against many influential Victorian religious beliefs. Robert Louis Stevenson’s believed that people had a dual personality and this is echoed in the novella. The inspiration for the novella could have come from many different people and events, most notably: a dream that Stevenson had repeatedly as a child relevant event about Deacon Brody who was a cabinet maker by day and murderer by night. Also during his time in the Samoan Island a man named Dr Hyde greatly insulted his friends, from that could have and most probably did give birth to the Jekyll and Hyde characters. Robert Louis Stevenson, the author, was born in 1850 in Edinburgh, and you can see the divisions between scientific and religious views reflected in the story from his childhood. His mother, being very religious, had him baptised whereas his father did not approve of his writing and thought he should have a more scientific past-time. This is reflected into the novella, with the more experimental Dr Jekyll, which eventually leads to his apparent death. In contrast, you have Dr Hastie Lanyon, a more stringent and ‘old-style’ scientist who at one point dismisses Jekyll’s experiments as, â€Å"scientific balderdash†, this clearly shows the straight to the point view that would have been shared with Victorian society towards experimental science. It had huge implications: namely that God was not the higher authority and Science had influence with the creation of everything which at the time many people were scared of god’s wrath and the consequences if th ey were found playing with science whereas today we are more scared of what we create than the consequences of religion. This proposal was re-enforced when Darwin published his book: â€Å"Theory of Evolution†, to the general public in which a large amount of people saw it as an ‘attack on religion’, simply by stating that God did not create the world in seven days and that all animals, including human beings, were all descended from something more primitive that its current form: this would have caused fear as people were scared that we could evolve to a point we’d turn into characters such as Dracula, Frankenstein or even characters such as the ‘ape-like’ Hyde. Many also believed that science had come out of its comfort zone and was meddling in things that only God had control over. This is what Stevenson does in the novella using the Jekyll and Hyde characters. This would have given the story, when it was published, the edge as many people saw the supernatural and science as quite an intimidating matter and it was widely feared, and suggesting that people had two sides. Subsequently, during the time of the publication in 1888, in London there were numerous murders of prostitutes by the notorious serial killer, Jack the Ripper. Several people had thought that the story of Jekyll and Hyde had inspired Jack the Ripper to commit the killings. Nevertheless, while this was never proven it had been implanted in the minds of many Victorians, to think about Jekyll and Hyde and the duality of human nature. There was, discussion about Jack the Ripper being highly educated, that of a doctor like Jekyll, or professor or even royalty. Victorian society at the time of the novella’s publication had a very large class divide, with the upper class honourable gentry and the poor, poverty ridden lower classes. Robert Louis Stevenson juxtaposes these extremes in his novella, emphasising the vast difference between the classes using the honourable Dr Jekyll and his repressed darker side that is Mr Hyde, which ensures the reader sees the contrast between Jekyll’s rich, good and kindness against Hyde’s evil, seemingly poor and deplorable behaviour. The novella is set in the vice-ridden city of London aptly described within the novella as being, â€Å"dingy†, â€Å"distained† and â€Å"blistered†, these adjectives paint a picture of an area in dis-repute and set a tone which is echoed through the character Hyde throughout the novella: which was a very different place to the prosperous modern, Edinburgh, where Robert Louis Stevenson was brought up. There was a very real sense of a nor th, south divide. The south was riddled with crime, a true ‘dark ages’ setting portrayed through Mr Hyde’s abode in London’s infamous Soho, whereas the upper class, ‘good’ side of Dr. Jekyll lives in an influential square described as having â€Å"florid charms†, and â€Å"thoroughfare with an air of invitation†, these adjectives not only imply that the street in itself are ‘good’ but also personify the street by implying it invites customers to shop there with its decor or ‘charms’. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde delve into the Victorian’s fascinated fear of the supernatural, highlighting the vast differences between religion, science and philosophy at the time. Most notably is this shown by the disagreements between Dr Jekyll and Dr Lanyon, at one Lanyon protests Jekyll’s experimenting would have â€Å"estranged Damon and Pythias†, who were mythological Greek followers of Pythagoras. This shows Dr Lanyon, like so many at the time, as scared and completely against mixing science and religion, whereas Dr Jekyll shows himself to be more experimental, like philosophers at the time such as Darwin and Sir John Herschel who believed in evolutionism: the idea that everything has descended from something, most notably humans from apes. At the time Great Britain was a world leader, a pioneer for all things scientific however still very religious and like any great nation it had secret vice’s and habit’s that were hidden away to the rest of the world, like how Hyde is hidden away in Jekyll. Jekyll displays a dual natured personality even before he starts to meddle with Hyde, but his potion he creates, which he hoped would separate and purify each element, succeeds only in bringing the dark side into being-Hyde emerges, but he has no angelic counterpart. If man is half angel and half fiend, then it makes you wonder what happens to the â€Å"angel† at the end of the novella. Jekyll succeeds in liberating his darker side, freeing it from the bonds of conscience, yet as Jekyll he never liberates himself from this darkness. Jekyll cannot participate in ‘unrepeatable pleasures’ due to his high standing in society, therefore, concocts a potion which allows him to mentally and physically split his ‘good’ and ‘evil’ personalities on command allowing Jekyll, to remain a reputable socialite, however, also enjoying the Soho ‘pleasures’ such as visiting popular brothels which were abundant during the Victorian period however it would’ve been social suicide to visit as Jekyll due to his upper class and well educated veneer. However, this soon spirals out of control and the cost of Jekyll’s curiosity turned out to be a deadly reversal of dominance. When Jekyll become’s Hyde, he says he feels â€Å"younger, lighter and happier in body†, which implies that despite Jekyll tapped into this more ‘evil’ side of his human nature, he is enjoying the new found freedom, this allows him to do what he wants. However, especially when Hyde has been ignored and made a recluse within the shadow of Jekyll, we can see this physically emphasized when Hyde’s described as being ‘small’ and ‘stumpy’, lashes out, and murders Sir Danvers Carew. Jekyll believes that his potion gives him complete control over the transformations between his ‘good’ and ‘evil’ side. Throughout the novella Hyde is described as being disgusting and the minute you meet him, people unconsciously take an instant dislike to him. When Mr Enfield ‘collared’ Hyde, Enfield apparently, â€Å"turned sick and white with the desire to kill him†; showing how hypocritical Victorian’s were as they were rejecting and repressing their own evil side. This is the side of Jekyll which he himself wants to be rid of. However, he ends up being a ‘slave’ and ‘underdog’ to his ‘evil’ side, which is Hyde. Additionally, we are led to believe that Jekyll kill’s himself to be rid of Hyde forever. Jekyll’s potion is made solely to rid Jekyll of his ‘evil’ side. However, it is increasingly noticeable that the more times that Jekyll uses the potion, his hold over Hyde weakens to a point where â€Å"I fell asleep Jekyll, but awoke Hyde†, This shows that Jekyll has lost all control, and it gives a view to what is to come. The loss of control over Hyde implies that Jekyll has never been pure, and has always had his ‘evil’ side, Hyde within him which is echoed by two well-known philosophers. The social contract theorists, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, came from fundamentally different viewpoints. Hobbes believed that â€Å"all man is born evil†, whereas Locke said â€Å"man are born flawed but good deep down†, which is portrayed throughout the novella. This is shown clearly when the physical traits of Hyde are described as, â€Å"short and stumpy†, however as Hyde gains control over Jekyll, Hyde becomes as tall and as well built as Jekyll, implying that the powers of ‘good’ and ‘evil’ are now not as thrown in one direction. Another more recent psychologist named Sigmund Freud believed that we were made up of three parts: the id, ego and the super-ego. The id is the set of uncoordinated instinctual trends; the ego is the organised, realistic part; and the super-ego plays the critical and moralising role. He also believed that it is the rules of society and laws that stop everyone from going around killing each other. It seems that Hyde consists of only the id; this emphasizes the ideology that Hyde simply represents the primitive and ‘animal-like’ qualities of Jekyll and that Jekyll remains the critical organised part of his makeup. The bulk of the crime was committed by and amongst the lower classes, leaving the upper classes seemingly innocent, however we know from Jekyll’s feelings that he desperately wanted to be able to enjoy the pleasures of the lower classes much like Stevenson himself, and this is what leads him to create the potion, and turn into Hyde. There is also an air of cynicism about Jekyll as he wanted to, in effect, ‘use’ Hyde for his dirty deeds, â€Å"†¦Edward Hyde would pass away like the stain of a breathe upon a mirror†, clearly showing that Jekyll has planned for this and has the full intentions of using Hyde not as was originally thought or desired for medical and theological experiments but for more sinister. As a result of Hyde’s ‘imprisonment’ in Jekyll, at every possible chance Hyde seizes control over Jekyll in order to release some of the anger that has been kept in for years. At one point, â€Å"the powers of Hyde seemed to have grown in the sickliness of Jekyll†, which shows that the consistent changing between Jekyll and Hyde made Jekyll, succumb to illness. This made Jekyll weak, allowing Hyde a clearer passage when he ‘took over Jekyll’ this uses dramatic or even tragic irony to convey it’s message. This leads us to believe that people reach the point where you either chose your ‘good’ or ‘bad’ side. Throughout the novella there are many crimes that Hyde commits, most notably the murder of Sir Danvers Carew and the ‘assault’, of the young girl walking on the side path in the evening, which when coupled with the idea that they were committed by Jekyll’s ‘evil’ or ‘bad’ side, they simply bolster Hobbes’ theory that all men are born ‘evil’. However, it also ironically agrees with Locke’s theory that all men are born good but with flaws, as for Jekyll to allow Hyde control, he must drink a potion to separate the good and the bad which shows that Jekyll clearly isn’t ‘bad’ but has â€Å"flaws†, as Locke says. Both crimes involve violence directed against innocents in particular. The fact that Hyde ruthlessly murders these harmless beings, who have seemingly done nothing to provoke him and even less to deserve death, emphasizes the extreme immorality of Jekyll’s dark side unleashed. Hyde’s brand of evil constitutes not just a lapse from good but an outright attack on it. Throughout the novella the language used to describe the main characters, especially Jekyll and Hyde are consistent with what they’re meant to symbolise. For example, Hyde, is referred as being, â€Å"ape-like†, a simile and â€Å"hideous†, an adjective both echo the idea that Hyde is Jekyll’s ‘animal like’, and ‘primitive’ side, by comparing Hyde to an ape this also emphasizes the Victorian idea of duality of human nature where the ‘evil’ part has the more disgusting and unattractive traits, whereas the ‘good’ part of you has the more respectable and ‘like-able’ features. According to the remarks made by observers, Hyde appears ‘repulsively ugly’ and ‘deformed’, ‘small’, ‘shrunken’, and ‘hairy’: these adjectives symbolize his moral hideousness and warped ethics. The connection between such ugliness and Hyde’s wickedness might have been seen as more than symbolic. Many people believed in the science of physiognomy, which was, that someone could identify a criminal by physical appearance. His hairiness may indicate that he is not so much an evil side of Jekyll as the embodiment of Jekyll’s instincts, the animalistic core beneath Jekyll’s polished exterior, another point is where Stevenson gives the door Hyde enters, human qualities such as calling it, â€Å"sinister†, which is an example of personification. The door is also mentioned later on in the novella where it’s referred to, â€Å"two door’s from one corner†, seemingly an oxymoron where the door can be interpreted as two physical entrances to the Jekyll residence which Hyde uses, but also the mental entrance to Jekyll’s ‘good’ side and Hyde’s ‘bad’ side placed next to each other to symbolize the two halves of Jekyll’s human nature. The simple name â€Å"Hyde† which consists of a single syllable is a good way to name the character, and they’re many ways where this is evident, one of those is: â€Å"Jekyll†, consists of two syllables so â€Å"Hyde†, implying that Hyde, is hidden or ‘hides’ within Jekyll however it could also symbolize half of what Jekyll is, Jekyll’s ‘bad’ side. You can also link the idea of Hyde being half of Jekyll by the first sighting of Hyde in the novella, where he’s described as being small, even half of Jekyll’s size, symbolizing the ‘evil’ side which has been out-weighed by the ‘goodness’ of Jekyll. Stevenson meant for Jekyll’s name to be pronounced as if it were French-Je KILL. â€Å"Je† in French means â€Å"I†: I kill subtly emphasizing Jekyll’s ‘evil’ side. Unlike how Hyde is described within the novella, Jekyll is given more providence and a m uch more of a pleasant character consistently described as being an ‘honourable’ man and ‘good doctor’ by his friends. During the Victorian times if you were a doctor, like Jekyll then you would need to conduct yourself in an honourable way and be a ‘role model’ to the lower classes and fellow peers. From the beginning of the novella Jekyll is mentioned as having a â€Å"signature very well known and often printed†, indicating that Jekyll had a large community presence. During Victorian times, doctors were highly respected and considered to be among the most intelligent people of their time, with a great deal of responsibility, you could also link this to why Jekyll wanted to move medicine forward by means of a personality splitting potion. At certain points in the novella, pathetic fallacy is used- most notably when Sir Danvers Carew is murdered, where the sky is peaceful at the time, this reflects the maid at the window’s pure serenity and relaxed mood, however this changes rapidly when Poole fetches Utterson, and the weather changes to heavy rain, this implies that the weather is used to reflect the moods of the different characters. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde both represent two very different ends of the social spectrum and Dr Jekyll are definitely the accepted end of it and throughout the novella the social classes that were prominent in Victorian times and at the time of the novella’s publication are echoed through ‘Jekyll and Hyde’. Jekyll who’s always seen to be a respectable man, and always dressed in clothes which fit unlike Hyde’s, representing Hyde’s physical features as much smaller than Jekyll’s. Whereas the Hyde character consistently inhabits clothes that are too small for him, emphasizing the idea that Hyde represented Jekyll’s ‘poor’ side that relies on Jekyll’s clothing. Clothing to the lower classes would’ve been expensive and therefore would have been handed down after it had stopped fitting, and rarely would’ve been thrown away due to its value, an idiom which best describes the situation between Jekyll and Hyde’s, rich and poor balance would be: ‘the man’s treasure is another man’s rubbish’, clearly highlighting the necessity for the lower classes to grasp at any whole material they could whereas the higher, more richer classes would have the ‘luxury’, of throwing things away quite like when Jekyll simply gives up his clothes for Hyde. There are numerous other characters in the novella which all have their small roles to play and all add to the mystery of the Jekyll and Hyde connection. However, unlike Jekyll and Hyde they’re not split into two distinct characters to show it. One of those characters would be, Poole who is Jekyll’s loyal butler, who at one point fears for Jekyll’s life so much he runs to Utterson’s for help. This could show ‘good’ human nature as he is willing to go, against his order’s to leave him in his cabinet despite what he hears or sees, to essentially save Jekyll’s life. However this could be miss-construed as he fears that if Jekyll dies then his pay, and stable residence with Jekyll will cease. Another character who displays hints of a more twisted human nature is the police sergeant who investigates the murder of Sir Danvers Carew. We are told that when he hears of the murder, â€Å"his eye lighted up with professional ambition†, the irony that the sergeant has more feelings for his own future and that he could get a promotion whereas he doesn’t care as much that a Member of Parliament was brutally â€Å"bludgeoned†, to death by Hyde. In the sergeant and Poole’s cases, you can see two very different sides to human nature, similar to the Hyde and Jekyll’s differences. Another character which shows a more sinister side but still relative to today’s human nature is Hyde’s housekeeper who when hearing of the news that he killed someone presses the police for information, most likely for gossip. Hyde’s housekeeper answered the door to the police and: â€Å"She had an evil face, smoothed by hypocrisy†, which implies that she was more than happy to implicate her employer suggesting that even during Victorian times people were as we are today ‘gossip motivated’. Yet another character in the novella is Mr Utterson, who in his own narrative reveals himself to be : â€Å"lean, long, dusty, dreary, and yet somehow lovable†. Despite this Utterson shows himself to be a very nosey person, consistently asking Jekyll for details about his will, even by-passing Jekyll and asking Lanyon. This could be taken in two ways: either Utterson simply wants to know why Jekyll has such a strange will, or as we are lead to believe Utterson genuinely cares for Jekyll and wants to help in any way he can. These two views of his character both showing ‘good’ and seemingly ‘bad’ human nature. However you can also link Dr Lanyon with Mr Utterson as they both have an unfounded hatred and un-scientific eye for the supernatural which is shown clearly in the novella as it progresses Both are unable to notice and link the disappearances and re-appearance of Jekyll and Hyde, until Lanyon witnesses the process and dies soon after, His death represents the more general victory of supernaturalism over materialism in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Then you have Utterson who doesn’t ‘see’ the ‘truth’ right up until the end when he receives the letter from Jekyll explaining the series of events. Throughout the novella, Mr Utterson is a frequent character who helps to lead the plot, displaying the behaviour and attitude, towards the ‘truth’ much like Victorian people at the time despite the fact he though Jekyll was hiding Hyde and being blackmailed, he’d rather not admit it. Even when he suspects Jekyll of criminal activities such as blackmail or the sheltering of the murderer Hyde, he prefers to ignore what he has learned, or what he thinks he has learned, rather than bring ruin upon his good friend. Robert Louis Stevenson, the author, raised in a very religious way could be one of the reasons that he chose to write this novella, as a way of rebelling like many at the time when it came to the super natural and religion. However, we can link his religious upbringing to one of the characters: Gabriel Utterson, Gabriel is one of the ‘main’ angels in the religion and often referred to in the bible with ‘God’, so despite the rebelling against his religion, Stevenson still insert snippets from his past into the plot line. Lastly the link between Utterson and Lanyon, they both embody the lack of knowledge and unwillingness to entertain anything to do with the supernatural much like the Victorians who preferred what they knew, which was religion and not what this would have been during publication, a horror story. Another very prominent theme displayed in the novella is the presence of silence like the Victorian’s at the time of publication; two kinds of silence in the novel indicate two different notions about the interaction of the rational and the irrational. The characters’ refusals to discuss the sordid situations indicate an attribute of the Victorian society in which they live. This society prizes decorum and reputation above all and prefers to repress or even deny the truth, certainly if that truth threatens to upset the conventionally ordered society in place. Faced with the irrational, Victorian society and its population prefer neither to acknowledge its presence nor to grant it the legitimacy of a name. Involuntary silences, on the other hand, imply something about language itself: Language is by nature rational and logical and many characters display this silence throughout the novella for example: Enfield and Utterson cut off their discussion of Hyde in the first ch apter out of distaste for gossip; Utterson refuses to share his suspicions about Jekyll throughout his investigation of his friend’s predicament. Moreover, neither Jekyll in his final confession nor the third-person narrator in the rest of the novella ever provides any details of Hyde’s behaviour or secret vices. Maybe the silence is kept out of the mutual respect for each other’s respect however it is more likely that during Victorian times, everyone knew what everyone else was doing although never revealed their knowledge due to the age old idiom: â€Å"Knowledge is power†, allowing a crime such as black mail to thrive, which it did during Victorian times and why would a reputable man want to be seen in such circumstances, it could destroy their reputation quite like when Utterson suspects Jekyll of being black mailed. Quite like the Victorian’s at the time we are really gossip crazy, and we all love to have information about other people to use at our advantage, much like the Victorians we don’t like our family secrets and self-pride to be damaged no matter what social class we belong to, both the Victorian’s and ourselves didn’t like to ‘air their dirty laundry’, implying that if something could damage the honour, pride or reputation of the family or person then it simply would be kept secret seemingly to protect themselves like Jekyll does with Hyde. ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ is medium length and that is why it is categorised as being a novella, because it isn’t long enough to be called a novel, nor short enough to be called a short story. All but the last two chapters are written in third person: the penultimate chapter, ‘Dr Lanyon’s narrative’ is written in first person, from Dr Lanyon’s point of view, in a package to Mr Utterson. Again, in the last chapter, with Dr Jekyll explains the long series of events in a mixture of third, and first person, when talking about himself, Dr Jekyll, (third when talking about Mr Hyde’s actions). The novella has two endings emphasizing the idea of dual natured personalities, and two different sides too our personalities: firstly when Utterson and Poole, the butler, find Hyde in Jekyll’s cabinet, and secondly, when Utterson finally reads Jekyll’s letter at the end of the novella which explains the series of events. At points in the last chapter, even Dr Jekyll becomes confused as to who he is, which emphasizes the idea that Hyde could be taking ‘over’. The book, ‘The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’, starts with a long narrative from Mr Enfield; a key character in the plot line. The narrative concerns Mr Utterson and Mr Enfield who informs him of the night were he witnessed a â€Å"stumbling†¦ damned Juggernaut†, character â€Å"who was as emotional as a bagpipe†, a metaphor insinuating Hyde, whom they were talking about was careless and oblivious to the pain he caused. Also they mention, ‘door’ which becomes more important as the story goes on proving to be of use to Hyde and Jekyll as a physical and theological escape to each other’s acts. It is at this point that due to both of the men’s disapproval of gossiping, that they stop the conversation, and continue their walk. The novella consists of a long anecdote start ed at the beginning and ends with a summary of Dr Jekyll’s point of view. Jekyll mainly explains their story and that he will transform into Hyde again, soon and will not be able to stop it. The idea of Jekyll and Hyde is for the reader to think about the two different sides to human nature, and how things can ‘possibly’ go wrong when you lose all control over the ‘evil’ side of your personality, as inevitably happens in the novella. I think that Stevenson, who was plagued throughout his life by illness, wrote this story to share his own experiences, and views in a controversial religious and scientific situation at the time of publication. Throughout Stevenson’s life he battled with respiratory problems, consistently moving from city to city, and even to different countries most notably the Samoan islands and I believe that this is just one of the ‘demons’ in his life, or part of his own ‘evil’ human nature that led him to write this story. No one philosopher can be linked directly to the story since the text grapples at parts of Locke’s and Hobbes’ theories. A possible moral of this interesting story is that which many Christians recite daily, (yet another religious link to the story): â€Å"Lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil†, and that ‘one’ needs to be in control of their darker side of human nature, and to stop this evil from growing larger as happens in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde or perhaps, the moral is that we cannot control evil once unleashed.