Freuds Psychoanalysis of the Interpretations of Dreams :: Freudian Psychology Essays

Dreams have been objects of boundless fascination and mystery for humankind since the beginning of term. These nocturnal acute images seem to arise from some source other than our ordinary conscious mind. They contain a mixture of elements from our own personal identity, which we recognize as familiar along with a quality of others in the dream images that carries a sense of the strange and eerie. The bizarre and nonsensical characters and plots in dreams point to deeper meanings and contain rational and insightful comments on our waking situations and emotional experiences. The ancients thought that dreams were messages from the gods. The cornerstone of Sigmund Freuds infamous psychoanalysis is the interpretation of dreams. Freud called dream-interpretation the via reggia, or the royal road to the unconscious, and it is his theory of dreams that has best stood the test of time over a period of more than seventy years (Many of Freuds other theories have been disputed in recent years). Freud reportedly admired Aristotles assertion that woolgather is the occupation of the mind during sleep (Fine, 1973). It was perhaps the use of the term activity that Freud most appreciated in this brief definition for, as his understanding of the dynamics of dreaming increased, so did the impression of ceaseless mental activity differing in quality from that of ordinary waking life (Fine, 1973). In fact, the quality of mental activity during sleep differed so radically from what we take to be the essence of mental functioning that Freud coined the term Kingdom of the Illogical to describe that realm of the human psyche. This proficiency of dream-interpretation allowed him to penetrate (Fine, 1973). We dream every single night whether it stays with us or not. It is a time when our minds bring together material which is kept unconnected during out waking hours (Anonymous, 1991). As Erik Craig said while we dream we entertain a wider range of human possibilities then when awake the open house of dreaming is less guarded (Craig, 1992).

Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues - Same-Sex Marriages :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Same-Sex Marriages Currently in the United States in that respect has been much debate over the controversy adjoin the legalization of same-sex marriages. There are many people who are opposed and feel it is mor eithery and ethically wrong and others who feel that same-sex marriages are acceptable. Prior to constitution about this topic I had no strong feelings toward or against the issue on same-sex marriages. After researching and finding out more information on the topic, I became in favor of allowing those of the same-sex to have there marriages legalized. Many people ask themselves why gays and lesbians even want to attempt to scramble laws past to be allowed to get married. Why would they want to be married? Are they not happy with the relationship in which they have? Gays and lesbians are just like hetero informals, they want there marriages to be recognized by the law. They are like any normal couple and want a marriage to prove and show their love for apiece other. They want that simple document that the government gives to hetero verseds which binds two people into a marriage. What exactly is marriage then? Marriage is a legal relationship mingled with spouses it is established by a civil or religious ceremony, and takes place between two people who intend to live together as sexual and domestic partners. The AIDS epidemic stirred up many questions and brought public attention on a range of issues surrounding gay and lesbian rights. Legalizing same-sex marriages may help prevent aids. If two people are in a marriage then they are less apt to have many sexual partners and will help stop the spread of AIDS. Other people feel that same-sex marriages are not a proper place to raise children. This is a very false statement because there are many people who have children and procreate that should not have that right. For instance, murderers, child molesters, drug and alcohol addicts are all free to procreate and raise childr en and homosexuals are not. This does not make sense. If a person can raise a child and give them love, shelter, food and other necessary resources to raise a child, then they should be given the right to raise a child. Just because a child has more than one set out or father does not mean that they are going to grow up gay or have emotional problems.

The Canterbury Tales :: Essays Papers

The Canterbury TalesHistorical BackgroundThe Canterbury Tales were written in 1386 by Geoffrey Chaucer. In The General Prologue, Chaucer introduces the Monk as a rebellious person who does what he wants and does not follow the prevails of the monastery. However, in the Middle Ages, monks could not behave this way. They had to follow the rules of the monastery which were written by St. Benedict. They took vows as proof that they would follow these rules. In the Middle Ages, monks had to follow rules and be divided. The rules for the monasteries were written in 520 by St. Benedict. He was the leader of a monastery and wanted to redeem a set of rules that were not so strict that monks would abandon their vocations(Americana, p. 542). They were naive and allowed monks to exercise their minds and live stress-free lives. The rules said that monks had to pray, perform manual labor, and study. The studying was beneficial to the monks since they were able to become well educated. The kn owledge gained from studying led many monks to write books. As part of their manual labor, they hand copied books because xerox machines were not invented yet. According to the Encyclopedia Americana, in the Middle Ages, monks in monasteries were divided into choir monks and lay brothers. This was a way of dividing the work because choir monks had to recite the prayer, the Divine Office, which was a requirement in the rules. The lay brothers did the manual labor. Hand copying books probably took a great time and they had a lot of other work to do, like studying and praying. Monks in the Middle Ages had to follow the rules and be divided. It was advantageous to be a monk because all they did was devote their lives to studying and praying. Since they led stress free lives, they were able to concentrate on their studies. The division of monks into lay brothers and choir monks seemed like an adjustment to the rule because the work was divided whereas before, all the monks had to recite prayers and do manual labor.

ANCIENT GREEK WOMEN :: essays research papers

Ancient Greek Women                          In ancient Greek society women lived hard lives on broadsheet of mens patriarch built communities. Women were treated as property. Until about a missys teens she was "owned" by her father or lived with her family. Once the miss got married she was possessed by her husband along with all her belongings. An ancient Greece teenage girl would marry about a 30-year-old man that she probably never met before. Many men perceived women as being non being human but creatures that were created to produce children, please men, and to fulfill their household duties. A bride would not even be considered a member of the family until she produced her first child. In addition to having a child, which is a hard and painful task for a teenage girl in ancient civilization to do, the husband gets to decide if he wants the baby. A baby would be left outside to die if the husband was not meet with it usually this would happen because the child was unhealthy, different looking, or a girl. Women had very few rights, they lived as prisoners, serving men 24 hours a day. Women were sheltered from society, restricted to their husbands and their husbands houses, crying out for help and justice but there is no one to there to hear their screams. In the play Antigone when the title character had to squeeze out of the house to meet up with Ismene. Ancient Greek men ruled a lot corresponding over protective fathers with teenage daughters. manpower were also scared of women gaining confidence and begin thinking on their own or worse taking action or speaking out against men, like in the play Antigone where Antigone confronts Creon by burying Polyneices after Creon strictly stated that no one bury him. If someone were to bury him, the whole Polis would stone them to death. When Creon name out that someone buried Polyneices, he did not even consider that it could have been a women that did it. Why were women treated like animals? Greek society would not function without women, everything a man needs for proper living, food, clothing, wealth, sex, the continuance of human existence were all traits that women inquired. However women are also highly sexual beings that could overpower, hypnotize, and fire mens minds and soles. Similarly in modern society where a lot of men have lost families, jobs, money and their lives due to sexual addiction.

Capitalism vs. Communism :: Compare Conrast Comparison

Capitalism vs. socialism For many old age the United States as looked upon communism as an evil and must not spread to other countries. The Cold War is a perfect example of this we spent 40 years in terror due to this way of thinking. Now we understand that communism is not an evil just another way of organizing a country. Capitalism and Communism has its own ideas on how a government should run, whether its through advancement of people According to Minsky capitalism is not just the market delivery, but it is besides a financial economy (1). Minsky states that there are two sets of prices, first is the prices of current output, and second consist of the prices of assets (1). Capitalism is an economic system characterized by independence of the market (essay.com 1). Capitalism is different from many other economic ideas by the fact that capitalism gives individuals freedoms with minimal government interference. In a market capitalist system, capital and land are private property (Haramis 1). From this enterprises can be formed by individuals by attaining land and equipment. An enterprise organizes and directs production. The United States is known as a post-industrials economy, this means that the United States is a service economy. There has been several different types capitalism that has influenced the world. First was Adam Smiths idea just about capitalism, which is proprietary capitalism. During this era of capitalism there were few corporations and probably none as we know them in our times (Haramis 1). The second form of capitalism is the advancing capitalist economy. In this form of capitalism, investment outputs are part of the current output (Minsky 2). Although capitalism has been through several changes throughout the years the capitalistic economy system has been the most influential economical as well as political system. Like capitalism communism also has many benefits for its people. Firs t everyone has a job and is treated the same. Communism can be defined as an economic and political system in which facts of production are collectively possess and directed by the state (essay.com 1).

Capitalism vs. Communism :: Compare Conrast Comparison

Capitalism vs. fabianism For many years the joined States as looked upon communism as an offensive and must not spread to other countries. The Cold War is a perfect example of this we spent 40 years in terror collect to this way of thinking. Now we understand that communism is not an evil just another way of organizing a country. Capitalism and Communism has its own ideas on how a government should run, whether its through advancement of people According to Minsky capitalism is not just the market scrimping, but it is also a financial economy (1). Minsky state of matters that there are two sets of prices, first is the prices of current output, and second consist of the prices of assets (1). Capitalism is an economic system characterized by freedom of the market (essay.com 1). Capitalism is diametrical from many other economic ideas by the fact that capitalism gives individuals freedoms with minimal government interference. In a market capitalist system, capital and land are private property (Haramis 1). From this enterprises can be motleyed by individuals by attaining land and equipment. An enterprise organizes and directs production. The United States is known as a post-industrials economy, this means that the United States is a service economy. There has been several different types capitalism that has influenced the world. First was Adam Smiths idea about capitalism, which is proprietary capitalism. During this era of capitalism there were few corporations and probably none as we know them in our times (Haramis 1). The second form of capitalism is the progressive capitalist economy. In this form of capitalism, investment outputs are part of the current output (Minsky 2). Although capitalism has been through several changes throughout the years the capitalistic economy system has been the most important economical as well as political system. Like capitalism communism also has many benefits for its p eople. First everyone has a job and is treated the same. Communism can be defined as an economic and political system in which facts of production are collectively owned and directed by the state (essay.com 1).

Labeling theory Essay

Please complete the following exercises, remembering that you atomic number 18 in an academic setting and should remain unbiased, considerate, and professional when completing this worksheet. Part I Select three of the identity categories below and name or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for distributively Race Ethnicity Religion Gender Sexual orientation Age Disability.Category Stereotype 1 Stereotype 2 Stereotype 3 Race Asians be genuises Afri raise Americans be amazing at All white people are racist all sports Gender Woman are moody Women cant drive Men are rude Disability modify people are not smart Disabled are weak Disabled need help with everything Part II Answer each question in 50 to 100 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What are the dogmatic eyeshots of stereotypes, if any? o I do not count on that there any positive positions of stereotypes.I know that there are positive stereotypes, but in ge neral stereotypes are opinions and are negative most of the time. Just about every stereotype that is out there is offensive to soulfulness and can hurt someones feelings. For example, a stereotype that hurts me is my weight. People automatically assume that since I am heavier that I am lazy and do not maneuver care of myself or my kids and that is far from being true. What are the negative aspects of stereotypes? o There are many different negative aspects of stereotypes. oneness negative aspect is that a lot of stereotypes are highly offensice to some people and can cause people to become upset or angry. Another negative aspect is that as long as we have stereotypes people are going to continue being injustice. Part III Answer each question in 50 to 150 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. Define stereotypes and prejudice. What is the residue mingled with stereotyping and prejudice? Use examples to illustrate the differences. o St ereotypes are unreliable assumptions that are made towards a certain group without taking individual differences into mind.Prejudice is simply a negative attitude towards a group of people. The difference between prejudice and stereotypes is that stereotypes are made towards everyone involved in a certain group whether the opinion be positive or negative stereotypes think everyone in that group to be the same even though they are not. For example, a stereotype would be something like saying all gay guys are wimps. Prejudice on the otherhand is completely negative and affects an entire group such as a racial or religious group.An example of prejudice would be something like someone saying they hate all African Americans because their skin is a different color. What is the relationship between stereotyping and prejudice? o The relationship between stereotyping and prejudice is that both of them affect an entire group of people without taking into consideration the individual differe nces. Prejudice is the beginning circle of this negativity. People are prejudice and split different people into different groups. Once this is done stereotyping comes into play where people sort those groups into smaller categories by making opinions of the groups without seeing the differences.What can be done to prevent prejudice from occurring? o There are a few different ways that we can try and prevent prejudice from occurring. One way is education and research. If people took more time to learn about different people and the diversity that we have in this world I think that they would see all of the interesting things in others and would help prevent some of the prejudice. Another way that we can try and prevent prejudice is by eliminating stereotypes and not labeling people.

An Analysis of Advertisement Essay

In the Hunter/Gathitherr section of Omnivores Dilemma, Pollan talks about what it takes to accomplish the task of developing a repast on his own consequently, the flock of todays society are so used to the abundance of victuals that they have no topic what tout ensemble is involved in establishing a full meal. Americans take this gr deplete abundance of food for granted, which causes an increased craving for more. This is where the world of advertising has been the strongest.One of the easiest slipway to reach people is by means of their food therefore, major food industries try to lure people in at all costs just to misdirect their products. The Fast food industry is the ringleader of all this trickery. They try their best to make people believe that their food is the best on the market, and in this process they deal several(prenominal) of their flaws with a beautiful or very appealing advertisement. The cr takeion of an advertisement has been broken down into a specific s cience where the antecedent of the advertisement can specifically pinpoint the tar bring peerlessd audiences interests.The advertisement of industrial foods has become a major flunk in the American culture consequently, the factors of this weakness come from the inability for omnivores to make the right decision on what to eat, whether or non the food is good for them, the lack of courtesy for others and themselves, and the failure to see through the pretty colors and the attractive facade advertisements display. One example of this corruption of food culture can be viewed in a simple Carls Jr. ad.In this advertisement, there is depicted a burger and few extractions of text, but the simplicity of this ad is what makes it all the more deceiving. The creator of this ad uses several pictorial techniques in effect to captivate anyone that may see it. First of all, the colors in the hamburger are brilliant and eye-catching such as the perfect golden color of the sesame seed bun th e bright yellow of the cheese between two layers of perfectly charbroiled beef patties the vibrant scarlet of the ketchup and the perfectly fresh look of the tomatoes, onions, and lettuce. This ad rives its viewers to believe that this hamburger is ideal and seems almost tangible. As though the brilliant colors of the hamburger was not enough, the creator of this ad uses a black background in order to illuminate all the hamburgers superlative attributes. As the ad is further examined, the three line of white, bolded text is inescapable, e surplusly on the black background. Another way the advertizer attracts the viewer is through the positioning of the ad on the poster, billboard, etc. Here in this particular ad, the come across has almost perfect axial balance.This means that the main focus of the ad, the burger, is the central item of the whole ad, and this is in spades the first thing the advertiser wants his viewers to see. Another thing about the orientation of the picture i s almost looks three-dimensional. The advertiser does this so that the viewer can get as close to the burger without smelling it or tasting it as possible. The next biggest thing on the advertisement is the catchy phrase that is in a special font and size that is the next thing that catches the eye. The ambience in the Carls Jr. dvertisement is that of a bold hunger and also casually crude. This mood is lop not only by the picture but also by what the words imply. The phrase printed on the ad, Shell tell you size doesnt matter. Shes trickery is an old joke that is crude and degrading for women. Here, in an underlying way, women are itemized and they are seen as some kind of prize instead of a pitying being. Not only does the text degrade women but also men. It degrades men in that the creator of this advertisement thinks that all men walk around mentation about sex all the time.Unfortunately, this is probably true, and it is a pretty low blow to take advantage of such a serious weakness. Pollan states that one of the omnivores frequently asked question is What should we do for dinner (1). When searching for the answer, people will seek it anywhere, and sadly, many fall into the vulgarity of this ad. Pollan explains this notion when he says, When you can eat just about anything nature has to offer, deciding what you should eat will inevitably stir anxiety, especially when some of the potential foods on offer are liable(p) to kill you (3).Although a hamburger may not kill someone, the insinuation of sex in the ad can drag people down to the unsporting greasy level of the burger. Although this ad is crude and misleading, the creator of it uses pathos, ethos and logos very well in order to reach a future consumer. The pathos, or emotion, that the advertiser sets through his ad is that of sex and pride. Both of these are not actually stated in the ad, but these are the emotions that take place when the ad is comprehended. The creator of this ad has a certain target, and that target is any man over the age of thirteen.He uses their slap-upest weakness, their sex drive, to lure them I to wanting one of those burgers. This use of sexual reference is a very good example of logos because the creator uses the tactic of testing mens pride. A great amount of a mans pride comes from his sexual endowments. Here in this article those endowments are being tested from the standpoint of almost saying, atomic number 18 you man enough to eat this burger? The ethos of this ad though is low. Usually it is not right to take advantage of someones greatest weakness, which is done here to men.But, because of the ongoing battle between fast food chains today, it is important to take advantage of any weakness the consumer may have in order to win their business. The role of this Carls Jr. advertisement is an excellent example of how the world views food and the lack of respect for it. The statement made in the text is a crude, humorous, cliche joke that has been a little over used. The advertiser shows not only his level of maturity, but also the maturity of the consumers that fall for this trick. It is not just what the words say on the ad that makes it wrong, but what the words imply.This underlying reference towards sex is probably the lowest advertisers could reach to appeal to their targeted consumers. Where in a hamburger does someone get sexual aspirations? There is nothing sexy or in any way appealing of someone feeding a giant, messy hamburger. For people to be satisfied in their food because it is advertised in this way is absurd and disrespectful not only to the food itself, but also the people who prepared it. In this particular Carls Jr. ad, all that is shown is the glorious end product of a long line of dirty work, and the middleman who did that work is forgotten.If people had to go back to the days when the meal had to provided without the help industry, there would be a whole invigorated level of respect for those wh o work to produce those foods. The hunter/ gatherer separate was allowed to see a small portion of what steps it takes to get a meal on the table from the very beginning. The greatest dilemma that they faced was finding enough food, and in the beginning, having food at all. Although this was a great obstacle, it also gave the group a sense of accomplishment when they had conquered the task producing a complete meal without the help of anything but nature.This way of life is how people had to do it before there were any industrial food chains. It has almost become a lost art. Pollan explains this when he says, Now there are some people (though not all that many of them anymore) for whom such a radically self-made meal exists firmly in the realm of possibility. I am not one of them (277). He uses himself as an example of this loss of culture and heritage. In this advertisement of the Carls Jr. Super Star with cheese, many things can be taken from the simple picture of the burger and the text.The fast food industry has ruined people because they have all the food they need at a quick cheap price, and unfortunately this has caused people to take the life necessity of food for granted. People have perverted the food industry with their lack of respect for food and themselves through the food they eat and the way that food is sometimes advertised. Industrial food chains make their ads look so perfect and tasty, but unfortunately, the real thing is nowhere conterminous what is advertised. Fast food is a trick that everyone is falling for. This quick food blinds people to the hard work it takes to get the meal from the field to the table.

Social and Mobile Marketing

Technological advancement triggered a change in the traditional marketing midway and strategies. The Internet is at present considered as one of the most effective ways to communicate to customers, to advertise and launch products. People relied more than and more on the Internet for research, com/social-networking-boon-or-bane/social networking, online communication and shopping. Without the sumptuousness of time, people started to prefer to stay home or in the office to process transactions through the Internet.The Internet service industry along with ready reckoner sales drastically increased because of the growing need for Internet surfing for personal and business use. Remarkably, direct and digital marketing through Internet became the preferent marketing midways apply by companies since it offers direct communication with the customer base through email, online ads, search engine listing, online public relations, social bookmarking, affiliate marketing and viral electroni c word-of-mouth marketing.With all these options to choose from, a company can properly profile the needs and wants of the customers. Moreover, surveys are normally done to define the needs, feedback and preferences of the customers. With the colossal range of scope that the Internet can reach, the price is a lot cost-effective than that of the traditional mediums of marketing through TV, print and radio. One benefit of sprightly advertising is the accessibility of the target market and the impeccable knowledge about the customer in terms of demographics, workout and channel.Moreover, the delivery mechanism enables marketers to receive bunk statistics and measure campaign effectiveness. With the evolving changes in the behavior of people in this technological world, the mobile marketing strategy can surpass and grow in the close 3 to 6 years. If the behavior of people and the technological growth will be the metrics for advancement of mobile marketing, it can be confidently ex press an advancement will happen to this marketing practices category. On the other hand, social marketing will also be affected with the phenomenal growth in technology.Social marketing is mainly focused on changing the intractable behaviors in complex environmental, economic, social, political circumstances for the common good of people. Its main purpose is to repair the quality of life which can be considered as ambitious. A thorough and comprehensive planning is needed for social marketing and it requires accurate profiling of the customers. In lieu with the objective of social marketing to change the behavior of the market, the world wide web is the best place to profile and to influence the market.The remarkable usage of Internet created opportunities for social marketing and advocacies. Three or six years from now, social marketing will be more comprehensive and accurate, with the availability of resources, it is more manageable to directly reach out to a customer base. Tech nologically speaking, it is very much possible for the global marketing to be widely used through enhancing and automating the processes. To change the behavior of a market is far too ambitious to achieve, however, the behavior of people towards advocacies and programs have evolved.Support for such have grown in the last few years. With this change in behavior, opportunities for profiling and changing the views of people is somehow more achievable and realistic. In conclusion, there are possibilities of the decline in the social marketing practices as well as the digital advertising. However, these two categories of marketing can also adopt to the ever changing market preferences merely enhancements will be formulated to improve the approaches of

Radio and Television in Mass Media Essay

A form of media that revolutionized the sort humans communicate was the communicate. David Sarnoff is the best candidate for the man who put receiving set on the map. Although it may have non been his choosing, the sinking of the Titanic in 1916 put his name in the record books. For three days straight, the young Sarnoff decoded messages from the sinking ship from his office in young York (Wells 36). The Titanic broadcast was groundbreaking, because it showed and economically profitable way by which radio could be used as a medium of mass communication for everyday families (Wells 36). By 1930 transmitters were popping up in cities around the nation. A record 30 million households had a set, and the unrivalled set per household was becoming a reality (Wells 42). The power of radio was not really noticed until a monumental broadcast in 1939.H.G. Wells War of the Worlds broadcast brought a all nation to its knees and caused widespread panic among millions of viewers. Hours afte r the broadcast, people from coast to coast were thrown into panic, believing monsters from Mars, invulnerable space ships were destroying the earth. They took to cars, ran out to warn neighbors, traffic was jammed, church service services were ended. Four times during the show the listeners were reminded that they were hearing a dramatization, but many citizens couldnt see past. After the incident, Wells told reporters that radio is a favourite democratic machine for disseminating information and entertainment (Naremore 38). The power of radio was soon known, and this incident brought light to it.Today there more than 575 million radios in the States alone ( encyclopaedia Britannica). The latest study from the National Broadcasting Company found that 90.5 percent of the adult population listens to some type of radio during the week.Today, Clear deport Communications owns over 1,200 radio stations across the unite States, and Cumulus, the second largest owns 266 stations. (Grant , Meadows 141). With the FCC eliminating caps on ownership, one day everyone may be listening to the same news, spun whichever way Clear Channel feels like spinning it to the left wing, or the right. Traditional radio is facing its toughest battle these days though. Satellite radio is sweeping through the market like a wildfire with CD-quality sound, and hundreds of channels to choose from, who wouldnt spend the ten dollars a month to haveXM or Sirius? Although both companies reported losings in mid-2004, each service looks to become profitable by the end of 2005 (Grant 142). Radio will be hard-pressed to keep up with satellite. XMs digital music library is among the gentlemans gentlemans largest 1.5 million titles and counting.Out of the 121 channels available on XM, 68 are 100% commercial free 24 hours a day, form round, with over 1500 hours of live programing every week. Although XM and Sirius only represent radios 4.5 million subscriptions only represents a fraction of radi os 290 million weekly listeners, the number of satellite subscriptions is expected to double in 2005 (Bachman 4). On Christmas Day 2004, over 50,000 subscribers signed up for satellite radio service. If both companies hit their projections, there will be 7.7 million satellite radio subscribers by January 2006 (Bachman 4).Satellite radio isnt the only next times radio system on the market. In 2004, 10,000 HD radios were sold, with prices ranging from $500-$1,000. B the end of 2005, Strubble predicts there will be a t least 600 HD radio stations, covering 80% of the U.S. and about 100,000 HD radios sold. HD radio representative John Smulyan believes, WE think this is one of those opportunities for game-changing radio business (Bachman 5).Television began with three companies that still dominate the airwaves, ABC, NBC, and CBS. In a world of subscription, these companies till offer free TV, but the ratings are going more towards cable. The clean cut programming that was once aired is being replaced with a embarrassment of violence and political propaganda that may ruin television. Television ranks just behind radio in penetration in the U.S. With over 106 million home, or 98% of the U.S. population having televisions, there is a plethora of sets ready to catch signals for people to view.Network TV has emerged over the last two decades as the dominant vehicle for interpreting national politics. TV has become the major source of news for the population, and the only news source for another(prenominal)s. The problem is that politicians and journalists feed off each other like leeches. The politician needs the journalist for their messages to reach the intended audience, and journalists need the politicians to have something to write about. The coverage politicians seek gives them an outlet from which to speak. Thosewho look good in the media can make a good image for themselves. The real problem comes when the news turns out to be propaganda, causing action from an opposing side that leads to deception. to a greater extent than propaganda, violence seems to be the hot topic debated daily by politician and parent alike. Can what you child sees on television affect how he lives his/her animation?E.B. White once said that television is going to be the test of the modern world (Simons 151). There is no doubt that television has become the important activity in homes today. Its ability to entertain, teach and persuade has huge impact on viewers. In the United States 98% of households have at least one set (Simons 149). What is astonishing is that children are watching an average of 7.5 hours a day (Simmons 149).One of the main concerns with television programming is the violence viewed by children that cannot understand the differences in the midst of fantasy and reality. Davidson, in a issue of Rolling Stones, agreed that children are vulnerable to television between the ages of 2 to 8 years because of their maturational unfitness to separa te what they view from reality (qtd. in Simmons 152). Violence was such an issue that is came under consideration in the 50s and 60s in Congress. The findings supported the judgement that a casual relationship existed between television violence and aggressive behavior.The National Coalition on Television Violence has classified the Mighty Morphin index number Rangers as the most violent program ever studied, with almost 200 violent acts per hour (Simmons 150). In an experimental study involving 5 to 11 year olds, children who watch Power Rangers committed seven times more aggressive acts than those who did not. Shows such as these caused a large number of accidents and quarrels due to the children imitating the characters actions. There is no doubt that the television programming has engulfed the U.S. population. As of 2003, 71.3% of U.S. households received cable programming (Grant, Meadows 29).This fact is amazing, because cable had only been around for fifty years. Not only pr ogramming is changing, but how we receive it as well. In May 2002, the FCC set a deadline by which all U.S. commercial television broadcasters were required to be broadcasting digital television signals. This date was a little early though, but by September 2003, 38 of 40 stations in the 10 largest markets in the UnitedStates began broadcasting digital television signals (Grant, Meadows 28).By early 2004, 1.5 million household were watching HDTV, and that number is going to rise sharply. This means clearer sound and displays, recordable content, and crisp, clear response of the same channels that have always been around. What if new 169 television sets make news broadcasts look weird or maybe cartoons faculty not look good on a widescreen set? There is no telling where the television market will go, hopefully bigger and wear out but will content become more subtle, or so radical that new laws must be made to subdue?Radios.Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 1999. Encyclopedia Britan nica. 13 February 2005Grant, August and Jennifer Meadows. Communication Technology Update. Oxford Focal Press, 2004.Naremore, James. The Man who caused the Mars Panic. Humanities, Vol 24 (2003) 38-40Simmons, Betty Jo, Stalsworth, Kelly, Wentzel, Heather. Television Violence and Its Effects on Young Children. earlyish Childhood Education journal Vol 26 (1999) 149-153Wells, Alan. Mass Media and Society. Palo Alto, National Press Books. 1972

Rural vs. Country Living

Sean Stafford 11/11/12 Living Urban Vs. Rural The on-going debate of living in the metropolis vs. country is very controversial in more another(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) peoples eyes but, the city has much more to offer economically, socially and in many other ways more convenient. Being able to meet your needs conveniently and to travel in a car less is what makes the city a lot easier to live in. Therefore, Living in the city is much more beneficial than living in the rural areas.Being able to passport around contrastive places that offer different things to meet your needs specifically is something we could dream of, well in the setting of a city you are able to virtually walk anywhere and either takes a metro or taxi and you will arrive at your destination quicker than ever. Living in the city brings a sort of social structure in a way because when you live in the Country your nearest neighbor may be a naut mi away. There may be times when you wont see another human being for days unless you go somewhere off of your property.And f you so much as run out of milk it means a trip in the car. Mechanics and most services are not close It is not easy if your car breaks down and your nearest mechanic is 30 miles away. Secondly, there are many kind of public transport such(prenominal) as train, tram, bus, taxi in the city and there are many streets. On the other hands, in the country they do not have many streets so therefore making the city transport system more complex but in a better way.Again the convenience in the city is better than the convenience in the country. It is easy to make more friends because people living in a city are more friendly and happier with their friends. On the other hand, in the country people are less open minded to make friends with someone they have never met. Another factor that has to do with the well being of a person is getting sick, and health in the city is better than in the country, In city there are many hospit als. Lastly,

Define Culture Essay

A per word of honor without the knowledge of their past hi narration, origin and culture is like a tree without roots.- Marcus Garvey. This says that a person is defined by his or her culture by the mood he/she acts, thinks, and speaks. A person is defined by his or her culture by the way he or she thinks. A person consumes the world differently so the way they think and act would be distinct. They would think differently because of the different backgrounds that they have. In the story Imagine, it says you may say Im a dreamer, but Im not the only one. I hope someday youll join us and the world will live as one. John Lennon explains how pot think hes different because of what he is. He also says how people argonnt all the same but he wishes that one day we were. He wishes that one day we will all see the world the same and we would be the same. A person is defined by his or her culture by the way he or shes history, family tree, and he or shes way of life. A person is defined by his or her culture because it effects the way they act or speak.In the story Where Im From, George States leaf fall from the family tree This example from the text explains that every detail, moment, or where she is from in the poem is from her family tree. Its saying the poem are moments or cultural things that effected her or shaped her as a person. The things she shares in the poem are all from her families history or culture (family tree). Although others may argue that culture doesnt effect your education, other people dont always agree,because their culture has taught them everything they know.An example on how culture defines your education is that people can attend any school , but when they are being taught, they realize that it is different from what they know.In the story, An Indian Fathers Plea, the protagonist argues, My son is culturally different. If you ask him how many months are in a year he will probably tell you 13. He will respond this way not because he doesnt know how to count but because he was taught by our people that there are 13 full moons in a year. This quote demonstrates that even though he is Indian, he is culturally different because his culture has taught him what he knows. Your families history, education, and your view or the way you think all tote up on how your culture defines you. Its obvious that any person would benefit from he or shes culture.

The Decision to Implement a New Information System

The Decision to utilize a parvenue education arranging RE Decision to Implement A impertinently Information System I guard been made aware that the military control is looking to invest in a new information system for the use of stock and other watchfulness activities. I would like to bring to your attention the accompaniment that I am c one epochrned about this new decision that management has made to implement this new system without through consultation with other managers and staff.I would like to stress that extreme caution should be made whilst considering to implement this new IS after the four million pound loss that was made during the implementation of the old IS few historic period back which led to the demise of the once truly profitable craven comics. I would like to outline that I have the companies best interests at heart as I was present when the crisis of a few years back had occurred and would not like the same mis presumes being made again.I shall delv e deeper into the reasons why I believe that craven comics should be diligent and extra cautious in considering to implement a new system to handle stocks in the storage warehouse. I feel that there are a few key points that select to be considered. Reflection We motif to look back to the tragedy that occurred a few years back and really generalize why the IT system failed and learn from these mistakes. The main reason for the collapse I believe is that the comp some(prenominal) was over ambitious with what they wanted to achieve but even were not prepared to thoroughly plan and investigate different options available.The company relied heavily on the IT consultants without really down the stairsstanding the type of system they were purchasing and the implications the new system would bring. Staff and management alike were not fully aware of what the system was actually for instead fighting with the system rather than working in harmony alongside the system making seamless wor k of stock management duties. Stocks were being misplaced in the warehouse, incorrect amounts of new stocks were being tell by the system along side various other problems all due to the fact that the employees could not interact with the system effectively.Both employees and management were not trained in handling the system correctly as the system was distinctly the wrong choice for this business. I thoroughly recommend that our current employees have a say in what type of system integration they would find useful as a system relies on people for it to work. The staff at the warehouse must have their say as many witnessed the disaster with the old information system and it could prove very beneficial to hear their views and ideas as well. We need to plan effectively and get along sure that the system first and fore nighly see to its the users needs.These allow be staff in the warehouse along with the managers. So we all need to meet up and give our views and ideas on what we need this new system to do. The failure of the previous IS was due to the fact that the system didnt integrate itself within the business. This could have been due to the lack of planning, analysis and research that went into deciding what IS was most suitable. Therefore I value it is unconditional that we sit down with all the key members of staff including warehouse staff and discuss the reasons for needing an information system. Questions like what is wrong with our current system?What improvements would like to be seen? How much costs are being incurred with this system? Will the business benefit with a modern IS?. With these questions answered we can then conceptualise and initialise the nominate. If we think implementing an IS is a good idea we need to develop a project plan. We can then address the question of what type of IS lead be most beneficial to this business? , a tailor made one or one where the system is bought off the shelf. With the disaster that occurred wi th our previous system, the business chose to implement a system with the help of IT consultants.The system implemented was one that was designed initially for a different organisation but was modified to work within renegade Comics. This, I believe was fundamental to the compatibility issues that were suffered. The system failed to perform within our business as staff couldnt really get to grips with how it really worked and the system didnt fit in with the existing practices that the business was employ to. Recommendation I Firmly believe that investing in a package that has been tailored to meet our needs from the ground up is the best option.This way we can design a system that answers all the questions asked in the planning and analysis stages. This way, the various departments provide be able to have their say and a system that meets everyones needs and fits into the way the organisation works and thinks will be attained. This method is clearly advantages over the readymade packages that are available. Readymade packages are good at doing a certain type of job for example stock checking, but may not do everything that is needed. This can be a very quick and often cheaper method with a clarity of the costs but yields negative results most of the time.There is a very slim chance that the system will fit into the organisations existing practices and staff may need to be trained to use this type of system which may prove very expensive in the long term. I also believe that outsourcing an IS will not be beneficial. Although outsourcing allows a business to center on a greater amount of time on its core business and reduce personnel, it means that the business has less control over the system. There could also be compatibility issues and a risk of losing competitive advantage is also present as valuable information could be leaked.I recommend that the prototyping method is used in the implementation process of the information system. We could submit a syst ems specification to the IT department and develop the application in-house. This will enable our IT team to work nearly with everyone in the business to design a system from the ground up to meet our needs to the fullest. This method will enable staff and management to reminder the project at every stage and make key changes and decisions if the project is not working. A itsy-bitsy working model could be developed and will invariably evolve after discussions with the staff and mangers alike whowill be using the system.This way the system will mould itself to what the business requires and the way the business works. The transaction of the system could be closely monitored is the system fast enough? Whats the user support like? How much is it costing? Is it integrating itself correctly? and so on. If satisfactory results are not being achieved then there is time available to make changes and modifications. Training time and costs will also be reduced as staff will be growing and learning as the system grows. Once the system is complete then staff should be comfortable and should fully understand the operation of the system.The prototyping method will allow Craven Comics to have full control. Project Schedule and budget The business needs to have a project schedule and budget. This is very important and wasnt present during the implementation of the previous IS. Funds need to be split into small manageable parts, for example consultancy costs, IT management costs, Labour costs should all be budgeted. This will enable the business to see where funds are going and any cost over runs could be dealt with swiftly. Problems in the planning stages are the main reasons why most systems fails.Planning and budgeting correctly will also avoid the business in being over ambitious as was the case a few years back. The business should know how much cash is available and precisely where the cash is going. Failure to do this was a major factor in the failure of the previ ous IS, this disaster could have been avoided. Analysis and Resource Budgeting We also need to analyse and budget for the resources we have. For example how many staff do we have? how much space is available? The hours that will be needed? Will this reach in sales for the business? All these are key issues that need to be thoroughly monitored and carefully planned in order to minimise a fall in company revenues during the implementation process. I feel that we need all the staff to play a part in helping in the development of the information system. We need to use just the sufficient amount of space that we think we would need to accommodate the system. we should have adequate space to retentiveness the mainframe and need to look at the placement of wires and cables so as to avoid any hazards. we need to look at the placement of a clientele system and the storage space for all the relevant IT technology.This will allow valuable space to be maintained for the everyday running of t he normal business. risk The concept of risk needs to be taken into account also. We need to appreciate that there is an element of risk present in this project as is with every new project a business decides to undertake. We need to understand what could potentially go wrong, and the measures that we could take in order to avoid this and minimise toll to the operation of the business. This was not done during the implementation of the previous IS as a result the business didnt know where resources were going and how errors could be dealt with. counselling Management issues do also need to be addressed. We need to look at the reasons why management failed during the last disaster and make sure that these errors dont reoccur. I believe managements lackadaisical approach was the main issue. Management were not truly aware of what the business actually needed but were just following the recommendations of the ITconsultants. Management also failed to communicate effectively with fello w employees and just expected them to know what was going on rather than explaining to them what they were looking to do and how it would affect them. healthy issues and quality standards Legal issues also need to be dealt with alongside required quality standards. For example, data protection and health and safety issues. Project Reporting The project needs to be reported on at every stage. We need status reports, progress reports and forecast reports allowing the project to stay on track and under control. This was not present during the last IS therefore the project veered off course and we lost control of costs and valuable resources.Once we are approaching the utmost stages of the implementation process we should sit with all the key staff members and conduct a systems follow up. This will involve re-evaluating the systems effectiveness through discussion with pennant managers and end users. We should also evaluate the controls, processing and the output of the system. This w ill enable us to prepare a post implementation review report and make necessary revisions to the system if required to do so. This is also useful for future systems implantation as we will have crucial data of what worked well and what didnt and the changes that were needed to be made.If we had taken the above steps during the disaster of the previous IS then this would have allowed the business to save a considerable amount of time and money in implementing a new IS. Mistakes could easily be pointed out and avoided. The fact that we didnt keep progress reports of the project a few years back we couldnt really see what went wrong and at what stage clearly enough. Therefore it is imperative that we evaluate the project of implementing a new information system and ask questions like, did this project achieve our scope? Did we make the correct decision in choosing to prototype?Is the quality there? did we meet our cost/timescale targets? , what were the major hurdles and what measures did we take to overcome them? . The answers to these questions will enable the business to learn from the mistakes and make sure that they dont reoccur during any future projects. Craven Comics failed to take the above steps therefore there is no accurate record of the mistakes that were made a few years back. Final thoughts/Conclusion Overall I believe the decision to implement an information system is a good idea as the correct Information System can prove very valuable for an organisation.I also recommend looking at past disasters and the measures the firms took to overcome them. Disasterssuch as the international stock exchange (Taurus project, London Ambulance Service and Northumbria jurisprudence and so on and so forth could be looked at to gain invaluable insight. I believe a bespoke package will be the best option. This is the similar to the measures Craven Comics took a few years back. But I believe if all my recommendations are followed then this will be a very beneficial choice for this business. We need to approach the project with care and must avoid the mistakes that were made a few years back.I will grateful if you can take the time out to acknowledge the advice that I have given to you in this report. I have the companiesbest interests at heart and would not like to witness the collapse of this business again. Arif Saddiq Year 2 Accountancy and finance References Websites Library of Failed information systems projectsonline date unknown ,http//www. scit. wlv. ac. uk/cm1984/qmp/failures/NINE. HTM accessed 20 promenade 2009 accessed via www. google. co. uk and searched it failures Wikipedia 2009, Information systems, http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Information_systems online accessed 21 march 2009

Portfolio Analysis of Square

Case Study Portfolio Analysis of squ atomic number 18 Toiletries LimitedPrepared by Fatin Khandoker Ashraful Hassan Ashik Towhida Tasnim Rukhsar Sanjaree Nawaz Jafrin Ahmed Adiba satisfying is a well-renowned brand in Bangladesh. It provides a wide range of commercializeplaces with various products and services. It operates various sectors and one of them universe form Toiletries Limited. The Boston Consulting Group Approach (BCG intercellular substance) is the method by which a company identifies what makes up their portfolio. BCG Matrix helps to process the portfolio and analyze its products attractiveness.The company can then decide whether to refrain from or invest into the product or brand. In this case, agora Toiletries Limited is represented by four brands in four different markets. They are Meril Splash in the beauty soap market, Chaka in the washing powder market, Freshgel in the toothpaste market and finally Senora in the hygienic napkin market. As assigned by th e Square Toiletries Limited, our analysis of the given products in relation to the BCG Matrix is given be mild On the vertical axis, the market growth rate provides a measure of attractiveness.On the horizontal axis, the relative market division serves as a measure of company strength in the market. STAR Square Toiletries Limited has a sanitary napkin under which comes the brand Senora. Senora holds 60% of the market share in terms of volume, which is much higher(prenominal) than any other competitive sanitary napkin brands in the market. It also has a high market growth. Senora can be considered as a star product of Square Toiletries Limited as it has twain a high market growth as well as a high share in the market. Thus Senora requires a high amount of enthronisation to ustain their attractiveness in the market as its competitors are international brands. CASH-COWS In the matrix shown on the previous page, Chaka washing-powder can be considered the cash-cows of Square Toiletrie s Limited. Cash-cows are low-growth, high-share businesses or products. Chaka comprises 9% of the total market share in Bangladesh. It cannot compete with the equivalents of Wheel which controls a hit 40% of the market share. Chaka however can compete with its local rivals such as Keya (6% market share), Tibet (9% market share) among others.It is an established and successful SBU which doesnt require much investment. Chaka earns a lot of cash which can be used to pay for the expenses of the business and support other SBUs needing investment. QUESTION MARKS Meril Splash, a product of Square Toiletries Limited has a market share of 6% in the highly growing beauty-soap market. Compared to other brands like Lux, which has the most customers and an extremely high market share of 60%, Meril Splash has a very low market share.As a matter of fact, Meril Splash can be considered under the Question label category since they are low-share business units in high-growth market. This brand wi ll require a lot of investment to hold its share in the market. So the management needs to make a very discerning decision about investing further in this product and take the risk to turn it into a star or should it be phased out. DOGS Unlike its business compatriots, Freshgel, a toothpaste brand from Square Toiletries Limited has a very low market share of just 2%.This category of product has low market growth. Hence in the BCG matrix, it can be considered a dog. It is categorized as such because it has both a low market share and a low market growth rate. Therefore Square Toiletries Limited should stop investing in Freshgel as it does not promise to produce a self-aggrandising source of cash. Eventually Freshgel should be closed down. By focusing and working properly on such aspects of the business, Square Toiletries can become a money-making machine.

Israeli and Palestinian War Essay

The flow international community had been exposed to some(prenominal) diverse conflicts due to mevery different causes. However, one of the intimately important factors of the conflicts arising in the globose community is cultural conflicts which different hea pastities rescue. One of the few ethnic assorts that argon having such conflict is the Israelis and the Palestinians. These two ethic groups has a long memorial of conflict together which until the range time, was still non resolved due to the over lapping issues that these groups have.Although in that respect ar many actions do in order to entirely put an end to the long and overlapping clash of some(prenominal) these ethnic groups, on that point atomic number 18 still a big gap between both conflicting parties. In order to understand both the parties involved in the conflict, it would be best to first have a historical background of both the parties involved. at that placefore, a background of these two ethn icities should be fore mostly presented to cater a just research upon this topic. invoice of Israel and their civilisationIsrael is the very embodiment of Jewish continuity It is the yet nation on earth that inhabits the same land, bears the same name, speaks the same language, and worships the same God that it did 3,000 historic period ago. You hold on the soil and you find pottery from Davidic times, coins from Bar Kokhba, and 2,000-year-old scrolls written in a script remarkably akin the one that today advertises ice cream at the corner candy store. (Krauthammer, 1998, n. p. ) Israel had gone through many changes through time including different contends and ch on the wholeenges that had occurred to the state.Most of the books regarding the history of Israel discusses and mentions the book of the Bible as one of chief(prenominal) sources for the description of the coun screens heritage. As give tongue to in the book entitled A History of Israel written by John talented (2000) and William dark-brown (2000), The history of Israel is the history of a people which came into organism at a certain point in time as a league of tribes join in covenant with Yahweh, which subsequently existed as a nation, then as two nations and finally as a apparitional community (Bright and Brown, 2000, p. xvii).The authors continuously added that the important key points of the history of Israel atomic number 18 their holiness and the face can non be separated from one an otherwise. The history of the state of Israel dates back in the thirteenth century in which the Hebrew patriarchs migrated from Mesopotamia to a wise territory promised land. The migration acted as the beginning of Israel and its history. However, the history of Israel is much more depicted, as said by different books, in most parts of the Bible. The religious writing has all the accounts of the history and also the kitchen-gardening of Israel as well up as those that are in the same region as they are.Not further is the history of this country was put into account but also the countless farming with me and women as well as the type of family that they have. Just merely basing the culture of Israel in the holy script of the bible a person may easily say that Israelis are conservative in constitution for they are the people are the first and foremost people had experience the so called purport of delivery boy here on earth. presumptuousness such situation, there ethnic group bases their life style depending on the scriptures that they are universe told by the prophets and the leaders of their religious group.As presented in many different books of the Bible, the group of religious leaders is the main influence of the king of the country. The religious leaders influence the king which then influences the clubhouse. Due to the religion based norms of the Israelites, they are mostly known to follow the strict rules of the Holy Scriptures. If any Israelite by-passes any rule that is not in the book of the bible, will be punished through the listed ways of available in the laws also made by the religious leaders.However, in many internet sites as well as books relating to the cultural background of the Israelites but still, the religious factor of Christianity could not be outback(a) from their culture. It is one of the factors in which Israel is known as such, just like the statement left by the authors Bright and Brown in the top part of this paper. Israel had encountered different wars and different changes in the society such as the Arab-Israeli war in which have dated many years back which was one May 1948.There are other wars that followed which are the Sinai War (1956), Six Day War (1967) and the Yom Kippur War (1973). Through all these wars, major different transform had happened to Israel which leads to the different stamps that they have now. (***) Although they have gone through many different transformations within their society, currently it is said that the Modern Israel society is shifting towards the westbound culture. The different cultural clobber such as dance, poems, and literatures are now being thought as a modern edition of the Israeli culture.However, there are few authors who do think that the system of modernization of the Israeli culture somehow puts a dent on the collective norms of the society. In an article entitled Westernization and the Decline of incorporated Culture it stated that Israel, whose main dividing line is ethnica large part of the relevance of the word west relates to eastern Europe the Ashkenazi homeland as the Western part of the line. The West meant the beginnings of Zionism, the Eastern European center and, to a lesser extent, Western Europe, the center of Herzlian Zionism and daily Zionist politics.As the Yishuv assumed an identity that was defined against both the Arab East and the Jews who came from there, the Eastern European character of the society was utter ly clear. It has already been mentioned that the early waves of Zionist Zionist Aliyah, dominated totally by the Eastern and East-Central European background of the Olim, defined their way of life as a revolt against that of Eastern European Jewry. Nevertheless, such an influence could not be brush off so easily. (Westernization and the Decline of Collective Culture , n. p. ).There are different ethnic groups in Israel presumption that they have ancestors that came from Europe and Asia with different religions. Given all these, their whole society is diverse however the infiltration of new and modern ideas from the west stills a puzzle that is in need of a place in the Jewish community own society. History of Palestine and their culture Palestine on the other contact is state wherein the Israel has a conflict. For many years now, the state had been in a very complicated occasion because of its relationship with its neighboring countryIsrael.In comparison with Israel, Palestine is mainly composed with Arab nationalities. Palestine is a country in conflict with the territorial boundaries with its neighbors however, it is the sate of Israel that it has the strongest conflict with. In recent years, Palestine had been in front of the international news due to its war is Israel where in the Gaza Strip is the main location for the war of both states. Much news about the war of both these countries had spread all over the serviceman therefore, other countries with interest in both Israel and Palestine sprung up in the war which made it a much globalized issue.Palestine, just like Israel is a conservative nation however, Arabs have a different belief and a different religion in which they follow. Because of the unequal and hard to justify territorial conflict that both these countries have, there are Israelites in Palestine and vice versa. This situation makes it more complicated because the conflict is not only within the Gaza Strip but within the states. The co nflict is not war between the said nations but the conflict of different citizens of diverse religion has conflict with each other. The situation becomes societal which would only cause a deeper conflict with other nationalities.Conformity It is known that every one in the society wants to have acceptance of the society that an individual is in to. Every action of all time leads to being accept in the society and being one of the individuals surrounding him or her. Although Israelis are the least part of the earth to be transformed by the growing trend of being modernized, it seems that whenever there are eyes close looking or investigating there essential be changes in which every one must have. Given that we are in a changing and shifting homo, everyone is expected to follow.But if the culture of Israel is seen, the years of conservatism and their historic influences a big hindrance for making the big step of development in the eyes of the western countries. The complication a nd whether being with the trend of the world or conserving the past is still astonishment for most of the Israelis. Although there is uncertainty if the society needs to follow the global trend or not, there is a swell possibility that without noticing and being too occupied with the issues the state currently have, the society could belatedly shift away form those issues and focus more into something that they could enjoy or are very new to them.One of the new things that they could enjoy is he western culture which promotes freedom and indulgence of the things in life. On the other hand, Palestine is a state in which there everyone must conform in the society. Given that there are people living in Palestine who are Jews, there is a great possibility that conflict will arise. The Jews within the Palestinian territory is in need of the conforming in the society they are living in or just rebel against it and sacrifice themselves.Being mingled in footing of religion while living in space with an individual with another religion may raise conflict. Religion does not only create a clash in terms of their different holy scriptures and other materials but also a conflict within the society they are in. there would be debates in which they would present the great and the not so great religion. However, the conflict would not be addressed in such way therefore, actions much be done to create a stop in the conflicting parties involved in this situation.Social Perception and Social Cognition twain Israel and Palestine exercises social perception and social cognition through the actions that these states and each of their culture have. However, their culture always leads to the concept of being accepted by the society given that they have very different religious beliefs. But between the two of these ethnic groups, the Palestinians are demanding more recognition and acceptance in the global community given that they are still a new state which had been separated f rom Israel, and their neighboring countries.Palestine seeks to have and create actions that would mediate their call for acceptance (International Recognition of the State of Palestine, n. p. ) even if there are group of individuals that would be greatly affected with the situation. Provided that fact that one of the most important aspects of being a new state is to be accepted by all other states in the world in order to act and participate in the activities within the global community. It is a serious subject area of the Palestinian people and the government to attract the attention of the global community through the wars and all other battles that they have.Israel on the other hand is more leading to the concept of social perception due to the actions those individuals chooses to have in their lives. The dilemma of being within the trend of the international community such as having western shows and western influences are now a concept of problem that the Israeli society has. The fear of solely losing their history and the beliefs that their ancestors had given them one of the greatest concepts that every conservatives fear.However, the new society or some individuals does not see the history and Israeli culture as a hindrance to their society. Thus, the historical factors as well as the cultural aspects are strong compared to other societies therefore, Israelis should not fear the changing world, and thus they should try and be open to new possibilities such as the western culture. In conclusion, the conflicts of the two of these ethnic groups are thus a problem of not meeting of the same interests, history and religion.Given all these differences, their priorities are varying which makes it hard for these ethnic group to realize that they should create a middle ground or something that they have together in order to fully create a stop to the conflict that they have.ReferencesBright, J. & Brown W. , (2000) A History of Israel. Kentucky John Knox Press . Krauthammer, C. (11 May 1998). Israel Celebrates their 60 years of Independence. Weekly Standard Retrieved 8 wonderful 2008 from http//www. science. co. il/Israel-history. asp. Westernization and the Decline of Collective Culture. n. d. Department of Jewish Zionist Education. Retrieved 10 Aug 2008 from http//www. jafi. org. il/education/culture/onisraeli/14-west. html. Country Fact Sheets from the CLP. n. d. Common Language Project. Retrieved 10 Aug 2008 from http//clpmag. org/content/pages/factsheets/palestine. php. International Recognition of the State of Palestine. Palestinian National Authority. Retrieved 10 August 2008 from http//web. archive. org/web/20060404211437/http//www. pna. gov. ps/Government/gov/recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine. asp.

Convenience Store and 7-eleven

7-Eleven in chinawargon Yuko Matsumuro National Chengchi University Abstract Nowadays, contrivance storages have become to a greater extent and more common in Taiwan. If you honorable look around everywhere, you exit soon find there atomic number 18 a divvy up of devisal stores surrounding your t hold. Among several gizmo store kitchen ranges, 7-Eleven, or the President Chain stack away heap, is the near popular one now. The paper foc spends on wherefore 7-Eleven is so prosperous in Taiwan and pursuits what is dirty dog it.At the beginning, to understand the position of 7-Elevens parent comm building blocky Uni-President first step Corporation (UPEC) in Taiwan, and investigate how it entice the success of 7-Eleven. Also, based on the data which showed the consumers satisfaction towards 7-Elevens service, to contemplate how 7-Elevens service performances are evaluated by consumers and what kinds of centering manuals they have. In last, the paper will discuss the influences of 7-Elevens special marketing geographic strategy and their advert effects on consumers.These information will help us feel why 7-Eleven ordure continue to improve. wherefore 7-Eleven succeed in Taiwan? Introduction accord to the article Taiwan Convenience Stores 2010, In 2009, Taiwans four major lash-up store chains much(prenominal) as 7-Eleven, Family grocery store, Hi-life, and OK operated a total of 9,184 stores around the country, a density of one store per 2,500 peck, qualification Taiwan the unintelligiblest market in the world in terms of convenience stores. Among several convenience store chains, 7-Eleven is the most popular one in Taiwan now.To think about the history of Taiwanese convenience stores, according to the article The Development and Trend for Convenience Stores from Managing Convenience Stores Theories, the Uni-President Enterprise Corporation (UPEC) had contri unlessed the great percentage to the development of convenience store in T aiwan (Department of Economy, 2000). In may 27, 1979, UPEC stated with fourteen chain stores and in this form, UPEC cooperated with the Southland Corporation, having the longest history and the biggest chain convenience store Company in South America, merchandise 7-Eleven to Taiwan (Department of Economy, 2000).The first 7-Eleven in Taiwan opened in 1980 with 27 stores and the deal of this year was just only NTD 1. 2 billion. Although 7-Eleven grew 62 stores in 1984, the sale still did not improve a fold, and 33 stores had been closed in this year (Lu and Luo, 2010). Nevertheless, the 7-Eleven bon ton did not stop to increase the number of stores in 1987 they started to spend a penny 24 hours with all 168 stores. Since this turning point, 7-Eleven started to expand their line of products and in April 2010, 7-Eleven expanded with 4733 chain stores with a sale of NTD1017. 6 billion in a year (Lu and Luo, 2010).This paper will explore these following questions 1. Why 7-Eleven i s so successful in Taiwan? 2. Does 7-Elevens parents company the Uni-President Enterprise Corporation (UPEC) role relates to the success of 7-Eleven? 3. What kinds of strategies 7-Eleven has? It is valuable to study why 7-Eleven crowd out continue to improve and understand their strategies and backgrounds. What is the Uni-President Enterprise Corporation (UPEC)? First of all, to understand the position of 7-Elevens parent company Uni-President Enterprise Corporation (UPEC) in Taiwan, and investigate how it influence the success of 7-Eleven.According to the article The Revenue for UPEC in April is 41. 92 billion and qualifying magnitude every year by 7. 41%, The whole profit-making of UPEC in April recorded NT41. 92 billion, its increased 7. 41% from last year at the same era (Yang, 2011). Uni-President Enterprise Corporation (UPEC) is the only company in Taiwan, which has more kinds of solid viands manufacture branches, and dozens of products can be made through only one bra nch (Chang, 2006). major(ip) domestic subsidiaries of UPEC are such(prenominal)(prenominal) as 7-Eleven, Starbucks Coffee Company, Mister Donuts, Muji (Taiwan) Co. , President Drugstore Business Corp. COSMED), President Transnet Corp. , Semeur De twinge and so on. We can see there are so many subsidiaries under the UPEC and from each one of them preferably popular companies in Taiwan now. While adequately integrating the subsidiaries of retail, logistics and recreational service companies within the group, quickly expanding its business territory (Uni-President, 2007). The subsidiaries of UPECs business tie-up increased their business territory, and made UPEC more strong company. In 2005, the profit-making of the food industry UPEC exceeded all over NTD 1,000 billion (Chang, 2006).The food industry of UPEC is one of famous company in Taiwan, if you look around 7-Elevens food categories, you will soon found a tummy of them are from its company. Now, we know such big food indus try behind 7-Eleven, is it related to the success of 7-Eleven? viands is consequential role in convenience store In the article The Almighty Convenience Store, 7-11 and Family Mart Competes, E-IPC, the research of Taiwanese the great unwashed whose frequency to visit convenience stores which stated from 1988, suggested those who answered once a workweek was 53. % in 1995 in 2009, those who answered to go there every week was 84. 7%, among them, the sum of those who answered cardinal quantify a week and once a week was 50%, answered going everyday was 34%, surprisingly, those who answered visited over twice a day was 7. 3% (Marketing. china successions. com, 2010). The age of main consumers who spend money in convenience store is 13 to 64, the E-IPC in 2006 to 2009, sh possess that those who answered visiting there every day was increased 30. 8 to 34% (Marketing. hina quantify. com, 2010). From the data, we can see nowadays populate visit the convenience stores more often than before. Then, what kind of people have become regulars nowadays? The article shows that the Taiwanese tribe is mostly working class they at least buy devil takeout meals per day, and these both meals are mostly break steady and lunch (Marketing. chinatimes. com, 2010). Now, we know the main consumer of convenience store is the working class people and their needs are food.According to the article local anaesthetic Convenience Stores development and future in 2008, the data of The Private denounce of four big convenience stores in Taiwan( dodge 1) shows that 7-Elevens main products such as Drinks, fresh food, snacks, burnt umbers, daily commodities, all of them comes from UPEC company or their own 7-Eleven spots (Wang. 2008). As to Family Mart, their main products are the gratifying food and drinks, Hi-Lifes are the Fresh food and dairy products, and OK is the Fresh food (Wang. 2008).Only Fresh food come from their own carrys in Family mart, Hi-Life, and OK, and we can see 7 -Eleven has more many kinds of main products than differents because of the support of UPEC. Table 1 The Private Brand of four big convenience stores in Taiwan (2008) Company Brands Main products Notes 7-Eleven 7-11 Drinks All products come from UPEC company or their Fresh food own 7-Eleven brands Snacks CITY CAFE Coffees Daily commodities Family Fami Drinks Fresh food comes from their own Fami brand Mart Fresh food Hi-life Hi-life Drinks Fresh food comes from their own Hi-life brand Daily commodities OK OK Fresh food Fresh food comes from their own OK brand Extended wit offerings have successfully increased the importance of convenience stores foodservice offering. The company derives its share from its convenience stores, under the brand 7-Eleven. At the end of 2009, there were 4,750 outlets, 7-Eleven may be considered to be the pioneer in introducing convenience stores warm food in Taiwan, and has since constantly innovated with the launch of c utting products (Euromonitor international. 2010). Besides, Family Mart said the sale of fresh food items currently accounts for only 12 percent of its revenue. In Taiwan, the industry average is 20 percent (Business weekly. 010), compared with another(prenominal) convenience stores, Family Mart provides less food and it may give distance with 7-Eleven high sale because peoples needs are food. Then, how does the CVS chain store attracts the customers and creates non stopping motives for them to buy? There are two prospective on this one is the products that they are currently selling. With the penetration of the stores, expanding their takeout meals market is excessively an important marketing strategy (Marketing. chinatimes. com, 2010). Therefore, the convenience stores targets the timing to do marketing strategies or other promotional plans. For example, in 7-Eleven, drinks and breakfasts are only 39 NTD to promote their products (Marketing. chinatimes. com, 2010). Internal busi ness attention of 7-ElevenAccording to the date of The Benchmarking Companies of Digital wait on in 2011, 7-Eleven, or the President Chain Store Corporation, companyed the top in retailer category, it can think consumers are satisfied to the services of 7-Eleven (He and Yang, 2011). From this date, we can consider why 7-Elevens service performances are evaluated by consumers and what kinds of counselling manuals they have. According to the book of Successful CVS Strategies by Chen Kuang in 2006, stated the luxuriant and specific personal management is 7-Elevens basic concept. There are three main management concepts of 7-Eleven such as work refinement, formal management, and the core order to the consumers. First of all, the feature of 7-Elevens round management is refinement work.For example, as to cleanup, there are many stores are required to do cleaning but less stores have cleaning process and every department has its own regulations, 7-Eleven is such convenience store (Chen, 2006). Even though cleaning which parts in what time, the way or the order to clean, apply which tools to clean, all of which are written in their management regulation, and workers should be follow it every day. Their regulation is including such as cleaning of doors, floors, around of sales counter, electric lights, parking ranges, public telephone outside the store, and so on (Chen, 2006). As to formal management, Working Progress reports are written by every module everyday, which can make the staff clearly understand when to do what at where and how (Chen, 2006).Also, 7-Eleven execute working elevate report for every worker once a time, which includes evaluation of oneself or other workers (Chen, 2006). Also, the customers core value is to provide and support how 7-11 should run the business. They consider to receive the consumers heart is important for their value and the growth for the company. For example, 7-Elevens staff cannot answer I dont know for their consum ers question. They should say Could you wait me for a while, Ill check it, or Can I ask your phone number? Ill contact you if I know the conduct (Chen, 2006). They also have seven technical words which should say if they meet the consumers such as regular greetings, please watch your step, and take care.We can see the 7-Elevens personal management is really detailed which increase their work efficiency also their regulation requires staff to be skillful in work and have the right behavior toward the consumers. Such 7-Elevens management may admit to the consumers satisfaction. Staff didactics and evaluation are also the important part of 7-Elevens internal management. 7-Eleven has three training center in Taiwan such as Taipei, Taizhong, and Kaoshiung, where trains the new staffs knowledge, attitude, skills, and abilities. The new staffs take training classes for the first four and a half day and one left to do retail sales practice(Chen, 2006).In addition, 7-Eleven training mate rials are renewed in every six months which we can see 7-Eleven changes their management manual depends on the society thoughtfulness or peoples need. As to managers training and evaluation of promotions, the 80% to 90% of 7-Elevens senior management employees were raised(a) from the basic unit staff to be promoted (Chen, 2006). For example, if a graduate college has performed well in the basic unit staff, he will be the vice manager in three years (Chen, 2006). Employing people in the promoting way, which can have got electrostatic management, decrease employees fluidity. The workers done need to worry about their future at the same time training rich experience staff workers. Marketing Geographical of 7-Eleven Taiwan is a high dense populated region, it has limited for the growth of big stores, and they cannot establish their companies easily. However small stores, especially convenience store, has more possible to be future development mainstream (Department of Economy, 2000) . As we know convenience stores in Taiwan has been increasing their marketing territory nowadays. According to the article The Comparison of 7-11 President cheery Chain Stores, Family Mart satisfactory Chain Stores and Hi-life Convenient Chain Stores, the research of the main convenient chain stores in Taiwan in 2007 showed that 7-11 President Convenient Chain Stores was on the top of the rank, which owned 51. 87% of the market Family Mart Convenient Chain Stores owned 24. 6% of the market, and Hi-life Convenient Chain Stores owned 14. 33% of the market (Workshop of Starting your own business with joining Chain Stores, 2008). 7-Eleven shares more than half of the convenience store market in Taiwan, and has raised its publicity. However, they are not only increasing the number of stores, but also having the strategies to set up it. According to the Statistic suggested that the condition of location influences the stores success of 60% (Chen, 2006). To see 7-elevens geographical con dition and learn their three important strategies such as confirmation of business place, Choosing the right place, and address and evaluations.Confirmation of business place refers the basic investigation of business place and know their competitive market (Chen, 2006) For example, the residential area is more stable for stores profit. The next, choosing the right place means that 7-Eleven always set in the consumers daily routes such as on the way of going to the work or school, parks, and so on. Also, address and evaluations is that the condition of population density or using the rate of success to calculate if the store should be establish or not (Chen, 2006). 7-Eleven always investigate the place deeply, to understand either the place can lead 7-elevens success or not. Moreover, the central construction is also one of 7-Elevens geographical strategies.It will consider four major effects from central construction that is decreasing the budget of advertising, increasing the imag e of the business, beingness controlled better and the quality would be better, and increasing the efficiency of delivery and decrease the amount of money and time spend on it (Chen, 2006). For example, our school National Chengchi University, we can find three 7-eleven inside the school campus and two outside of school. There are five 7-Eleven around our school some of stores are running in concert because we sometimes see the employees go 7-Eleven in this store or move to that one. It can help each stores business and can cause great advertising effect for 7-Eleven. AdvertisementIf you watch any commercial messages on TV for a while, you will soon be aware that it is easy to find 7-Eleven advertizements. Recently, 7-Elevens commercials have increased, do these adverts really influence the increasing of their profits? The article indicated that After several failed attempts, 7-Eleven came out with the low value City Cafe in 2004. However, with the success of commercial adverti sements in 2007, 7-Eleven has been selling 30 million cups of coffee a year (Taiwan insights, 2010). Whatever strategy does 7-Eleven used and rises up its profits? Since November of 2009, the usage of hiring celebrities with different impressions to be with representatives, to have a strong stands in the coffee market.According to the article The Report of Reaching The effect of advertisement(Table 2), in the data of celestial latitude, 2009, the rank of Effective dose of advertisement in coffee from chain stores and fast food restaurants, 7-11 CITY CAFE is on the top. With the airing 157,846 times on screens 7-11 CITY CAFE commercial have the highest budgets of 9,710,000 NTD. In return, CITY CAFE has helped 7-11 to earn back a revenue of 17 times bigger than the actual costs being used for the campaigns. However, Family Mart has only an airing of 65,670 on screens, their advertisement effect is ranked the fourth (Liao, 2010). From the data, we can see 7-Elevens commercial on the s creen increases their profits. Table 2 The ranking of effect of advertisement in December, 2009 Ranking Products Airing times Seconds Times on the screenEffect of ad 1 7-11 CITY CAFE 2,974 89,205 157,846 9,707 2 Mc CAFE 2,268 68,040 145,500 8,378 3 Hi-life Brown CAFE 2,532 53,175 130,442 7,717 4 Family Brown CAFE 3,159 32,880 65,670 4,124 Moreover, according to the date from CVC industries from May to October in 2009 The rank of Advertisement effect in 2009(Table 3), top ten among seven are UPEC, the top is 7-Elevens advertisement whose airing is 1,057,969 times, compared with the second rank 524,102 times of Family Mart, it is greatly high (Liao, 2010). As we know commercials costs money, but if you do not put action to increase your publicity, you will decrease the opportunity to introduce your products to people, and also cannot earn a lot of revenue. The data shows large number of 7-Elevens advertisements on TV, and they make use of commercials sufficiently to lead their suc cessful of business. Table 3 The rank of Advertisement effect in May to October, 2009 Raking Products Airing times Seconds Times on the screen Effect of ad 1 7-11President Convenient Store 29,460 626,140 1,057,969 70,208 2 Family Convenient Store 16,804 262,650 524,102 32,250 3 7-11Slurpy 15,109 247,160 485,738 30,341 4 7-11 CITY CAFE 11,162 242,160 414,309 28,442 5 Welcome Supermarket 7,098 141,960 290,317 19,631 6 7-11OPENchan recharge card 5,398 134,950 240,821 16,729 7 7-11general lunch box 9,002 139,100 256,977 16,417 8 7-11Onigiri 6,734 148,795 261,237 16,117 9 Family fabulous bread 8,900 119,840 229,083 13,659 10 7-11SMOOTHIE 3,218 96,510 184,137 13,005 photosynthesis Conclusion After the research of 7-Eleven, we can understand the 7-Elevens background and there are many kinds of strategies behind them.The 7-Elevens parent company Uni-President Enterprise Corporation (UPEC) has a lot of subsidiaries whose business collapsible make each companys development. For example, the food industry of UPEC supports 7-Elevens variety of food products, and increases their outlets than other convenience stores. Especially, for the working class people whose purpose to visit convenience store is for the food, it can say the food industry of UPECs support relate to the success of 7-Eleven. Also, the detailed internal business management of 7-Eleven makes worker can understand clearly how they work and behave, and following its regulations which increase the efficiency of each stores.Employing people in the promoting way also give them more faith for their work. If the management does not give the stable work condition for employee, they also cannot give a good response to the upper levels. Moreover, 7-Elevens geographical marketing or large number of advertisements which also raising up their publicity and become the one of strategy for the success. If we do not know what is hiding behind 7-11, we will never understand why they are so popular in Taiw an and how they succeed. To the success of one company, the managements should consider a lot of possibilities to make their business more efficient and always observe peoples mind.For instance, 7-Elevens training materials are renewed in every six months (Chen, 2006), from there we can see they always change their materials depending on the passage of the time, it also makes 7-Elevens continual improvement. In 1984, 7-Eleven closed up 33 stores because of the crisis of management, and their brand of City Cafe in 2004 recorded low prize nevertheless, the history of 7-Eleven is not always successful but they come up with new ideas to solve the issues. What can we learn from 7-Eleven is that even though the result is a failure, you forge ahead and try next without giving up. References Chang, A. , Chien, H. , & Hsu, J. (2010, June 30). Taiwan Convenience Stores 2010.Retrieved from http//www. chilealimentos. com/medios/Servicios/Normas_internacionales/Normaotros_paises/Normativa_Taiwan /Taiwan_Convenience_Stores_2010_Taipei_ATO_Taiwan_USDA. pdf Business Weekly. (2010, December 31). Magazine digest Convenience stores new focus. Focus Taiwan. Retrieved from http//focustaiwan. tw/ShowNews/WebNews_Detail. aspx? ID=201012310013&Type=aMAG Chang, C. (2006, April 21). 58 UPECs food industry profiting billions root in China. . Retrieved from http//tw. nextmedia. com/applenews/article/art_id/2552607/IssueID/20060421 Chen, K. (2006, April). 7-11. Taiwan . Department of

Reign of God Essay

I train read chapter three in Reign of perfection in its entirety. In chapter 3, it described about Gods character and the basis of Gods kingdom. Everyone knows that the father of Jesus Christ is God. And God has parity to Jesus identifies him as God to us. So if we want to know God, we need to go to Jesus first. To re-start what is the most important statement in the Bible is God is hit the hay. revel is the first and the last script in the biblical portrait of God. Some people may think that love is the most onerous things to learn in our entire life. But God had already told us what love is though the bible.Love is the essence of Gods nature. Love is what it means to be God. To the english word love ,it covers an great range of meaning. We use love to describe our attitude toward everything from our favourite food, people that important to us and in any case things that we treasure. Nowadays, we use love and we say it with no any condition. But is there anyone can able to be uncondition to love others? Maybe yes, but I can sure about that, there are unless a few amount of human in the world. However, God can.He love the world that he gave his one and besides son to us. This is how God showed his love amoung us He sent his one and only Son into the world that we might live through him. This is love not that we loved God, but that he oved us and sent his Son as an atoning sacrifice for our sins (1 John 49-10). Gods love is very powerful and tenacious. It is powerful enough to let him forgive our sins. People often wonder how the comparable being can be at once a compassionate, forgiving parent and a buttocks judge og evildoers. Since Gods love is unconditional, so he can accept our sins and give a second chance to amend ourselves.

Analysing the impact of Chinese FDI in Africa: A case study of Nigeria and Ghana.

INTRODUCTION query ProblemThe proposed search aims to examine the effect of Chinese external manoeuvre enthr anement (FDI) in gold coast and Nigeria in order to perform a cross- do of import digest of the several(prenominal) stirs of such(prenominal)(prenominal) enthroneing fundss in these countries. gold coast and Nigeria sh ar a number of similar characteristics, which elucidate for a useful comparison, as it is posited in this cartoon that the similarities amidst the two Afri apprize countries will allow for a cross-national comparison of the impacts of Chinese FDI in these countries. The results of the analysis will be use to make recommendations on how gold coast and Nigeria should make appropriate use of chinaw bes FDI to achieve ripening in these countries.Analyzing the impact of Chinese FDI in gold coast and Nigeria has been the topic of nearly academic enquiry. However, previous studies collect focused on the individual kinds mingled with these Afri sup port countries and China (SWAC/OECD, 2011). With the speedy changes in the global investing environment, curiously in light of the global recession, it is essential to identify the signalize determining factors of FDI inflows to gold coast and Nigeria, in order to analyze the impact of these FDIs in this region. Although sparingal growth has been condition as a developmental goal in this region, academic research exploring the nature of the economic relationship between China and Ghana / China and Nigeria suggests that the influx of FDI into these ontogeny economies may have the effect of retarding the b anointers suit development in these countries, as it prioritizes the exploitation of natural resources over essential developmental goals (Oyeranti, et al., 2010).Aims and ObjectivesThis research has two main(prenominal) goals. First is to assess the impacts of Chinese FDI in Ghana and Nigeria in order to conduct a cross- uncouth analysis of their respective economic relati onships. Second is to analyze the planetary impact of Chinese FDI on the development of these countries.In order to realize the primary goals of this sphere, the following objectives have been identifiedTo establish a theory-based framework for analyzing the impacts of FDI in developing countries, specifically within the consideration of countries in the West African which have abundant natural resources To construct a suppositious framework for measuring the impacts of FDI in Ghana and Nigeria, taking into consideration the differences in economic development and coronation mode. To determine the factors influencing the economic relationship between China and Ghana / China and Nigeria, and to analyze these in terms of the established framework. To comp be and contrast the respective impacts of Chinese FDI on Ghana and Nigeria in order to draw conclusions admirationing how to manage and alter their relationshipsResearch QuestionsA set of research questions has been formula ted based on the main goals and objectives of the study. These questions help to guide the study by ensuring that the analysis waistcloth focused on the primary research exposed. Below ar the research questions for this studyWhat atomic number 18 the determinants of FDI impacts in African countries and how argon these measured What are the specific impacts of Chinese FDI in Ghana and Nigeria How do these impacts gibe with the determinants identified in question 1 To what extent are the impacts of Chinese FDI in Ghana and Nigeria alike(p) What cross- boorish recommendations can be made in order to ensure that developmental goals and positive determinants of FDI are achieved in both(prenominal) countriesBackground in physical com carriageDue to rapid globalization and the growing interdependence among countries, FDI has been recognized as bingle of the just about portentous means of supranational ceiling transfers. Over the years, FDI has with child(p) to be an essential component in the economic development of umteen nations (Benacek et. al., 2000).Morgan (2003) and Johnson (2005) have ut intimatelylighted the beneficial impacts that FDI can provide to a host province. These let in (a) generating additional resources such as hood and technology, to help boost the level of domestic outputs and deliver better, very much affordable goods and services (b) outflow of human resources, management practices and technologies from outside(prenominal) degradeds to domestic short letteres , which enables the host country to improve their operations and fight and (c) improverd involvement of the host country in transnational markets, such as foreign qualify market and multinational good deal.Due to the economic growth and welfare that FDI brings to the host country, this investing is preferred by most developing countries because it set ups a faster way to achieve a more(prenominal) advanced level of economic development. However, FDI presen ts a lot of risks for investors. Due to these risks, countries are compelled to offer tangible incentives, as well as to put supportive regulation and systems in place to draw investors. Unfortunately, most developing nations frequently neglect to build an incentive system for foreign financiers (Botric & Skuflic, 2005). Consequently, the bulk of FDI is offered to essential countries such as the US, Germany, and Belgium (UNCTAD, 2011a).Traditionally, investment relationships in Ghana and Nigeria are established with European and American investment inciteners, as these countries are the primary sources of FDI, employment, and financial and technical aid. These relationships involve a number of bilateral and regional agreements with Nigeria and Ghana. Despite the many years of economic relationships with these countries, in that respect are still differing opinions as to the impact of these investments on the development of Ghana and Nigeria (Tsikata, et al., 2010).FDI in Africa has been increasing steadily since 2002 with approximately $53 billion worth of FDI in 2007, representing an increase from 2006 of 47.2%. This increase was the highest recorded level of FDI in Africa at the time. With the global recession, the percentage of global FDI into Africa has experienced a strong decline from 3.2% in 2006 to 2.9% in 2007. Since then, however, the African preservation has proved resilient, growing to over $61.9 billion in 2008, and the rate of return on FDI in Africa since 2004 has grown to 12.1%. In addition, mergers and acquisitions in Africa have risen by approximately 157% to $2 billion in 2008 (Oyeranti, et al., 2010). enthronization in Nigeria and Ghana by Chinese investors has grown substantially since 1971 as a result of the complementary nature of their economies. Chinese investment in Ghana has been growing consistently in the previous decade with significant increase seen from 2004 to 2005, representing $3.09 million and $17.87 million, respectiv ely. Research indicates that the Chinese share, as a percentage of total investment by China in Ghana, implies that FDI is increasing (Frimprong, 2012). Investment by the Chinese in Nigeria reveals a similar situation, as Chinese FDI grew twice as much between 2003 and 2005, increasing from $3 billion to $6 billion.Ghana and Nigeria lack significant investments in stem that is needed to support the development infallible to result in measurable economic growth. To this end, China has developed a successful and competent construction industry, coupled with the ability to provide Nigeria and Ghana with the requisite capital needed to drive this infrastructure development (Oyeranti, et al., 2010). In this way, the flow of investment into Ghana and Nigeria is complementary imputable to the nature and needs of the respective economies. However, the Chinese industrialization drive and the subsequent inflow of FDI into Chinas economy has led to rapid growth in the manufacturing sector, w hich entails the use of oil and mineral inputs that are overwhelming Chinas internal resource capabilities (Ibid). As a result, China is looking to developing nations such as Nigeria and Ghana to supplement their energy resource requirements to support their growing economy. Consequently, the relationship between Chinese FDI inflows into Ghana and Nigeria are cosmos described as exploitative and as having an upsetting effect on the Western development goals that have been set for the region (Tsikata, et al., 2010).This negative perception about Chinas interest in Nigeria and Ghana are due to the fact that the oil and gas sector accounts for more than 75% of Chinese investments. This implies that China seeks to exploit Nigerias natural resources. This gain ground suggests that Chinese FDI in Nigeria is a relationship prone to exploitation and is potentially damaging to the developmental goals of the region (Oyeranti, et al., 2010).Despite these negative views, Chinese FDI in Nigeri a and Ghana has non been focused solely on the exploitation of natural resources. Chinese FDI has in reality helped to achieve significant growth in the manufacturing and services industry in both countries (Frimpong, 2012).The investment climate in Africa has become significantly more attractive as a result of the considerable efforts to liberalize investment regulations and offer incentives for FDI. The result, however, has not been as positive as originally intended due to significant concerns over the economic and political stability of the region.LITERATURE REVIEWFDI definitionThe analysis of relevant literature has shown that thither is not one universally recognized definition of FDI. Nevertheless, the various definitions of FDI do not differ considerably. FDI is commonly perceived as either a real phenomenon or a financial phenomenon (Moosa, 2002).Within the perspective of a financial phenomenon, FDI is defined asA kind of transnational investment transfer wherein FDI is the outcome of variations in interest rates between two economies, because the country with higher interest levels is more appealing for foreign subscriber linees An external supply of funding for the national economy ? FDI shows the influxes of foreign investment into the nation within a authoritative timeframe, which is indicated in the balance of payments A means of reducing and eventually eradicating poverty through FDI-driven economic growth in developing countries, and in Africa, specifically in light of United Nations Millennium culture Goals (MDG) (Asiedu, 2006)However, when FDI is considered exclusively in financial terms, there seems to be an underestimation of the degree to which FDI is related with a wide-ranging array of deed elements. Among the most crucial non-financial inflows are managerial skills, expertise, and technology. This implies that although financial flows seem to a main component of FDI, it is not necessarily the leading element. Furthermore, accordi ng to Moosa (2002) a distinctive characteristic of FDI compared with other kinds of international investments is its function in directing management policies and ends. As such, describing FDI as purely a financial phenomenon appears to vilipend this aspect.A more inclusive definition of FDI that is mostly acknowledged by other international organizations (e.g. IMF, Eurostat, UNCTAD) is proposed by OECD. According to the OECD (1999, p.7), FDI reflects the aim of arresting a lasting interest by a resident entity of one economy (direct investor) in an initiative that is resident of another economy (direct investment enterprise).The term lasting interest refers to the formation of a long-standing association concerning the investor and the direct investment establishment This as well involves important impacts on the management of such enterprise. A direct investor is the owner of 10% or more of ordinary shares or pick out rip(OECD, 1999, p.8). The IMF recommends applying this r equirement of a minimum 10% ownership to antitheticaliate direct investment vis-a-vis portfolio investment through shareholding. Based from this perspective, a direct investor can be any of the following entities (a) individual, (b) group of associated individuals, (c) government, (d) integrate or unincorporated conjunction, private or public, and (e) group of associated companies, incorporated or unincorporated. The entity has a direct investment establishment situated in a country that is not where the direct investor resides (Duce, 2003).Direct investment enterprise can have any of the subsequent formsSubsidiary ? a direct investor masterys greater than 50% of the voting power allocated to shareholders. Controlling the shareholdings can be done either directly or indirectly, via a diametrical subsidiary. The direct investor has the authority to secure or terminate members of the Supervisory Board or Management Board. refer Company ? a direct investor owns between 10 to 50 % of the voting power allocated to shareholders. Likewise the control of shareholdings can be done either directly or indirectly. Branch ? a direct investor is overly the owner of an unincorporated establishment (whole or joint ownership) in the host country. This can be in several forms, such as a joint venture, an unincorporated partnership, or a permanent government agency for the direct investor. This may in addition be in the form of fixed/immobile equipment, movable equipment, property, or constructions located in the host country (OECD, 1999).Choosing a specific kind of direct investment trading also depends on different considerations, the most significant of which is the present law in the host country (Duce, 2003). In considering the impact of Chinese FDI in Ghana and Nigeria, it is useful to consider the form of investment that FDI takes, with regard to the respective economies. Based from preliminary research, it is clear that Chinese FDI in Nigeria is significantly h igher than its FDI in Ghana, when compared to one another.Considering the high concentration of FDI in the oil and gas sector, it is possible that the economic relationship between Nigeria and Chinese may be contradictory to the developmental goals and overall well-being of the country. Whilst Chinese FDI in Ghana is seen across a variety of sectors such as aluminum, iron ore, manganese, alloy, timber, waste materials, cocoa beans, cotton linters, and frozen weight (Rahman, 2012). This indicates that the overall impacts of Chinese FDI in Ghana may be more attuned to developmental goals, compared to Chinas relationship with Nigeria.FDI determinants Theoretical ApproachAs FDI became a focal point in the current global economy, detectives have seek to describe the conduct of multinational firms and FDI determinants through the proposal of different theories.Adam Smith (Concept of Absolute Advantages) and David Ricardo (Theory of comparative Advantages) had originally discussed FD I as a feature of international share. Smith and Ricardo proposed that countries should focus on producing goods where they can offer a cost reinforcement (i.e. absolute advantage for Smith comparative advantage for Ricardo). The surplus of goods generated by a country is intended for export. Simultaneously, the country imports goods that it cannot arrive at domestically because it lacks cost advantages for their production (Sen, 2010). The theories of Smith and Ricardo are the foundations of current views on FDI. Therefore, these will be considered in the design of the theoretical framework.Heckscher and Olin linked international slew and with the benefits brought by the factors of production. Thus, a country must focus in producing final goods of which the raw materials are evenhandedly plentiful in the country. Conversely, the country is recommended to import the basic components of goods that are in limited supply. This possibleness regards FDI as a component of transnatio nal capital movement. FDI flows are seen amongst economies and are described by various capital concentrations. Countries that are well-off in terms of capital transfer their production to countries that have abundant lug supply. This is characterized by more returns to capital and lesser returns to poke. This accomplish continues till labor and capital are equalized in the countries involved (Benacek et al., 2000). While these theories were able to associate FDI with labor costs and higher rates of investment returns, these were uneffective to completely rationalize FDI phenomenon (Assuncao, 2010). As such, these will not be fully utilized in the conception of this studys theoretical framework.Another FDI theory is given by Kindleberger (1969), who presumes that direct investment can be cultivated in situations where market shortcomings or government interferences exist. In this scene, particular economies produce commodities in which they can demonstrate a comparative advant age while other products are exported because the country cannot produce them efficiently. Thus, the relationship between FDI and trade can be either substitutable or complementary. Kindlebergers (1969) theory is applicable to the context of Ghana and Nigeria because of its considerations of market imperfections and government interventions. These will be helpful in explaining some(a) aspects of the theoretical framework.Obstacles to commerce may affect FDI in two contradictory ways. On one hand, high trade barriers tend to boost FDI because these result in high export costs. This contention stresses the location advantage aspect of FDI. In contrast, high trade barriers are a hindrance for the parent company, especially in situations with high levels of trade with associated firms. Other tecs have also discussed the relationship between FDI and trade openness (Balasubramanyam et al., 1996) and mass of studies find a positive association among these variables (Benacek, 2000).Dunning (1993) combined the components of Trade Theory and the Theory of the Firm. Based on the OLI model, Dunning (1993) classified FDI determinants into three groups. These are (a) Ownership-specific advantages such as technology and know-how (b) Location-specific advantages including market size, transport costs, etc. and (c) Advantages that are particular to internationalization, wherein the firm supposes that selling of ownership advantages to third parties is not as lucrative as internally employing these advantages. Moreover, Dunning (1993) came up with the Investment Development Path based from the findings of his study. This framework identified five ramifications in the development of a country. These stages have a substantial effect on FDI inflows (Gorynia et al., 2005 Benacek et al., 2000). These stages of development will be one of the components in the theoretical framework thus, this study is important to this research project.The institutional approach presents a different perspective on the subject. Root & Ahmed (1978) and Bond & Samuelson (1986) suggested that the environment, where the enterprise conducts its operations, is unpredictable and unsure. Thus, the firms decisions will be greatly affected by institutional forces (i.e. regulations and incentives). However, in actuality, government constitution defines the options that are presented to a company and which models the firms decisions regarding FDI, licensing, and exporting (Assuncao, 2010). The role of government in FDI is another aspect which will be explored in the theoretical framework. The institutional approach will be part of this analysis.Last but not least, it is beneficial to consider Ozawas (1992) study, which connects the patterns in developing countries with Porters theory of a countrys competitive advantages. According to Porter, there are four groups of attributes that can be applied to a country. These are (a) factor conditions (b) demand conditions (c) firm strategy, struc ture and rivalry and (d) related and supported enterprises. These have an influence on the nations competitiveness (Smith, 2012). Ozawa argues that the foreign investment received by developing countries, which are mainly allocated to labor-intensive sectors, results in a process of learning and technology purchase. It aids developing economies to testify their competitive advantages and thus, push the economy onward along the various stages of development ? moving from the fundamental factor-driven stage to the innovation-driven stage. This is described by an increasing external FDI (Ozawa, 1992). The discussion on competitive advantage is again a major component of the theoretical framework which will be the outcome of this research. As such, the study by Ozawa (1992) presents some arguments that are crucial to the discussion of this research.FDI determinants ClassificationDunning (1998) identified four groups of FDI motives. The first two groups of motives are features of the i nitial stage of FDI, while other groups are related to sequential FDI (Gorynia et. al., 2005).Resource pursuit the firm intends to obtain specific resources at less costs than in the local/national market Market Seeking the firm intends to operate in a specific overseas market because of its size or pass judgment growth. The firm builds a global strategy for the foreign market, or reduces the expenditures related to serving a certain market from a neighboring facility instead of from outside the country Efficiency Seeking the firm intends to justify its production, distribution, and marketing (Gorynia et. al., 2005, p.65) Strategic Asset Seeking the firm seeks to extend its strategic goals for instance, supporting their competitiveness in international marketsClause (1999) and Calderon et al., (2002) categorized FDI determinants in two groups (a) Push factors or investors intentions to position capital/investment overseas (b) Pull factors or country-specific determinants, also referred to as location determinants. These factors influence the decision of the investor to find capital in a specific country. Additionally, pull factors are political, including growth estimates, or the countrys system of rules/regulations and rewards/incentives. The authors also highlighted other pull elements in the case of transitional economies. These include the process of privatization and the intensification effect, in which a direct investment results in other direct investments (Vita and Kyaw, 2008).Lastly, UNCTAD (2011a) segregated FDI determinants into three categories (a) policy framework such as economic and political stability, competition policy, etc. (b) business facilitations, including the costs of business operations, investment motivations, etc. and (c) economic determinants such as market growth and infrastructure. Although these determinants help to ascertain the overall desirability of the country, the significance of specific groups differs depending on the sector and entry modes.The various FDI determinants will be explored as components of the theoretical framework. These will be investigated to find out which FDI determinants are applicable to the Ghanaian and Nigerian context.Investment humour in Ghana and Nigeria A Comparative AnalysisAttracting increasing amounts of FDI has been a significant priority of Ghanas government when developing and reforming economic policy. The Ghana Investment Advisory Council (GIAC) was formed with the help of the World pious platitude and is comprised of local and multinational companies and institutional observers from around the world. The aim of the GIAC is to ensure the removal of any regulations, which may monish FDI in the country. The GIAC, however, does not have regulatory power over the natural resources sector, but does regulate investment in all other sectors, such as banking and other financial institutions, telecommunications, energy and real soil (Tsikata, et al., 2010). The mo st beneficial element of the investment climate in Ghana is that there is no general economic or industrial strategy aimed at discriminating against foreign owned business or subsidiaries, but conversely there are incentives offered if the projects are deemed critical for national development.Prior to 1995, Nigeria was considered one of the most unsuitable countries in Western African for FDI due to a combination of considerable obstacles and unsuitable investment climate ? the result of social, economic, and political tensions that continue to plague the country. In 1995, however, Nigeria changed the investment climate substantially by opening the economy to FDI and reversing these severe restrictions. The Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission (NIPC) was created to manage the approval of business licenses and motivations to improve the investment climate. All restrictions on limits in foreign shareholding were also abolished in order to recruit and facilitate FDI. According to current Nigerian investment law, 100 % foreign ownership of firms is allowed in both sector, with the exception of the petroleum sector. In this sector, investments are restricted to existing joint ventures or new production sharing contracts (Oyeranti, et al., 2010). This, however, is not necessarily a restrictive provision specific to Nigeria, since production sharing contracts have become a modern way of ensuring that ownership over natural resources is held by the host nation.It is evident, therefore, that both the Ghanaian and Nigerian investment climates are conducive and receptive to FDI from China. In determining the potential impacts of these investments on the economies of the country, it seems evident that there is a need and desire for large capital investments. At the same time, there is the need to stay in control of their natural resources, namely oil and minerals, which has resulted in the only restriction on FDI in the respective economies. The crucial difference between the two countries is the vast superiority of Nigeria with regards to their oil resources and the far-reaching effects that this has had on the country as a whole. This factor must, therefore, be critically considered to assess the impact of Chinese FDI in the country.Chinese Interest in West Africa FDI AnalysisChina provides an ideal investment partner to African countries and is a lot more beneficial to the host nation that traditional investment partners for a number of reasons, including fewer demands on the host country in exchange for investment, fewer conditions for assistance, offered assistance at lower rates of repayment and lower interest rates, and offered training for technical and professional personnel in doing so (technology transfer) (Renard, 2011). Historically, the interest in Africa from the Chinese perspective has been primarily based on the need to supplement their own natural resources, with the rapid development of their manufacturing industry necess itating a significant amount of resources far outweighing any domestic production in China itself and with an abundance of these resources in West Africa, China sought to increase their investment in and trade participation within the region. In 1987, China exempted raw materials and other components due for re-export from custom duties which bolstered their international trade with African countries as being a significant source of these products and raw materials (Renard, 2011). With the Chinese accession to the WTO, the protectionist barriers were further removed and this served to increase trade even further. Trade in components is therefore a significant part of Chinese interest in West Africa, as well as raw materials in exchange for consumer products with low capital intensity with a commitment to moving towards more technology-intensive products.In addition to the trade investment in West Africa, diplomacy in the region has focused on bilateral agreements with African govern ments. In 1994, the Exim Bank (China Export-Import Bank) was founded to encourage Chinese exports and FDI in Africa, with a specific focus on improve the infrastructure (Wang, 2007). On the other hand, China Development Bank (CDB), also established in 1994, receptive the China-Africa Development Fund to assist Chinese FDI distribution into Africa, through the financing of Chinese firms looking to invest in the region. Finally, SINOSURE (China Export and Credit Insurance Corporation) provides these firms with insurance and protects against the risks associated with Chinese exports and foreign investment (Renard, 2011). These banks have a less risk-sensitive profile than most private banks in traditional Western investment partners, making them more willing to encourage to investment in often high-risk African countries, including Nigeria.The opportunity to invest in Africa by Chinese firms is as a result of the long-standing history of trade relations and supported by less risk-sen sitive banks. These banks aim to encourage FDI in West African countries in order to sustain and potentially increase trade relations with the Chinese economy. With many of the major players in the Chinese economy being state-owned (as a result of the prevailing political regime), there is a significant interest in supporting(a) FDI with these West African countries due to Chinas desire to sustain its high economic growth. This supports the main assumption of this research that Chinas FDIs into Ghana and Nigeria are exploitative in nature. Because Chinas desire to sustain its economic growth as the main driving factor for its FDI, there is a lot of suspicion that Chinese state-owned investors will not care about the long-term effects of FDI, especially as it focuses on extracting natural resources and raw materials from Ghana and Nigeria.METHODOLOGYResearch PhilosophyThis study applies the positivist philosophy, based on the precondition that experiment and observation are highly significant in perceiving human behavior. According to this philosophy, the world can be understood in a rational way. This approach focuses on analyzing facts and seeks to understand connections reduces experience to open components and tests formulated hypotheses. It usually produces qualitative info, which seeks to be unbiased and precise (Saunders et. al., 2009).Research ApproachThis study is empirical and it acknowledges the significance of concourse and utilizing data, to achieve precise and clear conclusions. Inductive and deductive research approaches will be employed in the study.The deductive approach is described as highly structured. Theories of FDI motivations are first presented, since they are especially relevant to the Chinese FDI climate. Next, the relevance of these theories to both Ghana and Nigeria is discussed through the analysis of empirical data. An inductive approach is sight throughout the gathering and examination of empirical data from trustworthy sou rces. From this perspective, the researcher analyses the data obtained by others, which has been incorporate with the research procedures.Given the research objectives, this study has an explanatory quality . Explanatory research aims to explain if there is an association among two or more variables of a specific incident or phenomenon.The aim of this study is to ascertain whether there is an association between FDI inflows from China to Ghana and Nigeria development a framework for the mensuration of these impacts based on economic, political or social factors which may be influenced by foreign investments. data assemblage ProcessPrimary and inessential data will be gathered to analyze the possible impacts of FDI inflows from China. Selected economic indicators will also be analyzed using multiple regression analysis.This research will examine the following economic indicators GDP growth rates GDP per capita inflation rates employment rates unit labor costs trade balances (rep resented as a percentage of GDP) foreign exchange rates Corporate Income impose Rates percentage of people with higher education developmental goals identified by the host country and other international bodies, and public spending on higher education.The data that will be used in this research will be taken from several different secondary research sites. Data sources are national statistics, scholarly publications, UNDP, IMF and the World Bank, as well as any other say research that is seeking to understand the relationship between Chinese FDI and its impacts in Ghana and Nigeria countries.Limitations of ResearchThe current research is limited to the extent that Ghana and Nigeria are compatible in conducting the comparative analysis. The main concern is that the vast difference in the oil dependency of these two countries will lead to a number of conclusions, which are not compatible with one another, due to the fact that the Nigerian economy revolves around oil production. It i s reasonable, therefore, to bet that the application of this theory to Ghana may lead to conclusions or recommendations for improvement, which cannot be applied to the Nigerian context due to its resource dependency and the influence of the social, political and economic climate. In order to mitigate this terminus ad quem, the researcher aims to look specifically at the dependence on natural resources (mineral and oil) in the Ghanaian economy in order to ensure that this factor is given sufficient consideration in reaching the conclusions of this theoretical research.Secondary issuesPublished secondary resources will also be utilized in this study. These sources discussed FDI determinants from a general perspective and presented global outflows of FDI from China. These also analyzed the general determinants of FDI impacts in Africa as a developing region, with a specific focus on Ghana and Nigeria, and compared these impacts against one another to determine recommendations for th e improvement or mitigation of FDI impacts. The application of secondary data in addressing the objectives of this research will add to the overall clarity of the research. Secondary data will be gathered by studying documents from various sources, such as international organizations and statistics offices. Other materials are peer-reviewed articles, research papers, books, and other scholarly publications. These will aid in recognizing and incorporating the most relevant literature within the context of the main research questions.Limitations of Secondary SourcesThere are some limitations in using secondary sources. One limitation is that it involves the possibility of incurring knowledge gaps. This refers to the occasions when researchers are unable to find the specific data they are looking for. Moreover, data might be outdated or is not relevant to the research problem. Furthermore, the researcher might find contradictory points of view in the secondary data, which will result i n confusion and ambiguities.To lessen these kinds of risks, the researcher will seek the advice and guidance of academic staff specializing in this research subject regarding suggestions on literature. The researcher will also come up with a comprehensive list of international databases of FDI to find the most current data.Data AnalysisThe data analyses that will be applied in this research are comprised of four important steps.Data will be arranged in a rational way. The correspondence of primary and secondary data is based on the selection process (based on the researchers judgment). Data will be sorted into three categories. The categories are as follows (a) Theoretical application of FDI in a Chinese context (b) Ghanaian and Nigerian investment climate and context (c) the relationship between Chinese FDI and the Ghanaian and Nigerian political, social, and economic factors. Data will then be analyzed using a number of qualitative research techniques. Results will be organized in terms of theoretical FDI themes identified in the initial research.DISSERTATION PLANBelow is the Gantt chart for the dissertation. This outlines the main activities that will be conducted for this research. Project designates alternateDuration Task 1 Writing the research proposal05 Task 2 Writing the project plan55 Task 3 Conducting the literature review1014 Task 4 Gathering of secondary data247 Task 5 Creation of theoretical framework3120 Task 6 Analysis of the data5114 Task 7 Writing the final research report6514NoteStart Represents the number of days from the start date of the research projectDuration The number of days required to complete the task REFERENCES Asiedu, S. (2006) strange Direct Investment in Africa The Role of Natural Resources, Market Size, administration Policy, Institutions and Political Instability. United Nations University Publication online Available on http//www.people.ku.edu/jbrown/virus.html Accessed 1 April 2013Assuncao, S., Forte, R. and Teixeir a, A. (2011) Location determinants of FDI a literature review. Porto FEP.Benacek, V., Gronicki M., Holland, D. and Sass, M. (2000) The Determinants and touch on of remote Direct Investments in Central and Eastern Europe A Comparison Survey and econometric Evidence. Journal of United Nations. 9(3). Pp. 163-212.Bevan, A. and Estrin S. (2004). The Determinants of Foreign Direct Investments into European Transition Economies. Journal of Comparative Studies.32. Pp.775-787.Botric, V. and Skuflic, L. (2005) Main determinants of Foreign Direct Investments in the South East European Countries. Zagreb Institute of Economic.Calderon, C.L. and Serven, L. (2002) Greenfield FDI vs. Mergers and Acquisitions. Does the distinction matterChile Central Bank of Chile.Duce, M. (2003) interpretation of Foreign Direct Investment a methodological note. Madrid Banco de Espana.Dunning, J.H. (1993) Multinational Enterprise and the Global Economy. Essex Addison-Wesley Publication Company.Frimprong, S. (2012 ) Research on Relationship between China and Ghana Trade and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 3(7), pp. 51 61Gorynia, M., Nowak J. and Wolniak R. (2005) Motives and Modes of FDI, Firm Characteristics and Performance Case Study of Foreign Subsidiaries in Poland. Journal of Transitional Management.10 (3). Pp.55-87.Johnson, A. (2005) The effects of FDI inflows on host country economic growth. Jonkoping Jonkoping outside(a) line School.Moosa, I. (2002) Foreign Direct Investment Theory, Evidence and Practice. NY Palgrave Macmillan.Morgan, T. (2005) How does FDI affect host country developmentUsing industry case studies to make reliable generalizations. In Morgan T., Graham, E. and Blomstrom, M., Does Foreign Direct Investment promotes developmentWashington Institute for International Economics.OECD (1999) OECD benchmark definition of Foreign Direct Investment.3rd edition. Paris OECD.Oyeranti, O., Babatunde, A., Ogunkola, E. & Bankole, A. (2010) Chinese-Africa Investment Relations Case Study of Nigeria. Nairobi African Economic Research kittyOzawa, T. (1992) Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Development. Transnational corporations. 1(1). Pp. 27-54.Rahman, M. (2012) Political Economy of Chinas Foreign Direct Investment in Ghana. GhanaWeb online Available on http//www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=236093 Accessed 1 April 2013Renard, M. (2011) Chinas Trade and FDI in Africa. African Development Bank, Working Paper Series, no. 126. Belvedere African Development BankSaunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2009), Research methods for business students. 5th Ed. Harlow FT Prentice-Hall.Sen, S. (2010) International Trade Theory and Policy A review of the literature. NY levy Economic Institute.Smit, A.J. (2010) The Competitive Advantages of Nations Is Porters Diamond Framework a New Theory That Explains The International Competitiveness of CountriesSouthern African Business Review.14. Pp.10 5-130.Tsikata, D., Fenny, A. & Aryeetey, E. (2010) Impact of China-Africa Investment Relations An In-depth Analysis of the Case of Ghana. Institute of Statistical, amicable and Economic Research University of Ghana African Research ConsortiumUNCTAD (2011a) World Investment Report 2011.Non-equity modes of international production and development. NY United Nations.UNCTAD (2011b) World Investment Prospect Survey2011-2013.NY United Nations.Vita, G. and Kyaw, K. (2008) Determinants of FDI and Portfolio Flows to Developing Countries. A panel co-integration analysis. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 13.Pp. 161-168.Wang, J. (2007) What Drives China Growing Role in Africa. IMF Working Paper, WP/07/211. International monetary Fund, African Department.